Art 109: Renaissance to Modern Westchester Community College Prof. M. Hall © Spring 2010 Neoclassicism Wedgewood The 18th Century threeestates The 18th century marks the threshold between the old world and the new The Three Estates Image source: http://www.historywiz.com/oldregime.htm The 17th Century The 17th century was dominated by church and king 1031.jpg 1003.jpg Hyacinthe Rigaud, Portrait of Louis XIV, 1701 The 18th Century execution_LouisXVI In the 18th century political power was transferred from the aristocracy to the new bourgeoisie Execution of Louis XVI, engraving of 1798 Wikipedia Anonymous, Execution of Marie Antoinette, October 1793 Wikipedia The 18th Century And science now challenged the authority of the church 1106.jpg Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Art et des Métiers, 1751-1765 Image source: http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/modernity/diderot.html . The 18th Century Art also had a new role to play: Art must appeal to the public Art must teach moral virtue Print after Rowlandson and Pugin, Exhibition Room, Somerset House (detail)
Reproduced in Rudolph Ackermann (pub.), 'The Microcosm of London’, 1808
50.6 x 89 cm, University of London Library
 Neoclassicism The style that most successfully fulfilled the demand for an art of edifying moral virtue was Neoclassicism Antonio Canova, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, c. 1800 Vatican Museums Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perseus_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg Neoclassicism Antonio Canova, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, c. 1800 Vatican Museums Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perseus_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg “With the revolution, French painting resumed its moral and political purpose and embraced the style known as neoclassicism. Even before 1789, popular taste had begun to turn away from the disarming, lighthearted subjects of rococo; as revolution neared, artists increasingly sought noble themes of public virtue and personal sacrifice from the history of ancient Greece or Rome. They painted with restraint and discipline, using the austere clarity of the neoclassical style to stamp their subjects with certitude and moral truth.” National Gallery of Art Neoclassicism 0823 The Renaissance had already “rediscovered” the classical past Donatello, David, c. 1440-1460 0827.jpg Botticelli, Birth of Venus, c. 1484-1486 Neoclassicism GirardonApolloThetis But classicism had become ornate, exuberant, and theatrical in the Baroque era François Girardon Apollo Attended by the Nymphs of Thetis Versailles 1666-72 Neoclassicism The 18th century called for a “back to basics” return to origins 0201.jpg Myron, Diskobolus, Roman copy after a bronze original of c. 450 BCE Neoclassicism Gell_Pompeii_reconstr Renewed interest in classical art was fueled by the discovery of Pompeii and advancements in archeological science Gell_Pompeii1 Neoclassicism Winckelmann_antiquity The virtues of classical art were promoted by Johann Winckelmann, who pioneered art history as a scholarly discipline Mengs_1755_Winckelaman Neoclassicism Winckelmann extolled the “noble simplicity and quiet grandeur” of Greek classical art Antonio Canova, Perseus with the Head of Medusa, c. 1800 Vatican Museums Image source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Perseus_by_Antonio_Canova.jpg Neoclassicism Simplicity, nobility, and grandeur were a welcome alternative to the frivolous style of the Rococo 1104.jpg Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1766 Wallace Collection, London Ancient Exemplars of Virtue Kaufman Angelica Kauffman was a Swiss artist who became one of the first female members of the British Royal Academy This picture demonstrates how the classical past could be called upon to teach lessons in morality and virtue Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Mother of the Gracchi, Pointing to her Children, 1785 Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Kaufman Ancient Exemplars of Virtue Cornelia ‘s motherly virtues and simple dress would have provided a welcome alternative to the self-indulgent lifestyle of the aristocracy 1104.jpg Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1766 Wallace Collection, London Neoclassicism in the United States jefferson_Houdin Neoclassicism was also popular in the United States Thomas Jefferson traveled to Europe where he studied classical antiquities and Palladio’s Four Books of Architecture Jean Antoine Houdon, Bust of Thomas Jefferson, 1789 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Web Gallery of Art Neoclassicism in the United States monticello He modeled his Virginia estate on Palladio’s Villa Rotonda Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, 1770-1806 Palladio_Rotunda monticello Neoclassicism in America When a competition was held for the design of the United States Capitol, a Neoclassical style was favored View of the State Capitol Washington DC in 1852 Image source: http://www.metskers.com/f22193/235664/Antique--Historic-Maps/Antique-Map-of-Washington-DC-1852.html The Baroque style of architecture was not suitable to the young republic – it was too grand and imposing, and connoted the disparaged values of monarchy Neoclassicism in America Democracy needed an architecture of “noble simplicity and quiet grandeur” And classicism was the style of the first great democracies of Greece and Rome View of the State Capitol Washington DC in 1852 -- detail Image source: http://www.historicmapsrestored.com/panoramicmaps/DC/washington1852.html Neoclassicism in France David_Self_Portrait The leading Neoclassical painter in France was Jacques Louis David Jacques Louis David, Self Portrait, 1794 Louvre Web Gallery of Art Neoclassicism in France A pupil of François Boucher, David won the Prix de Rome in 1774 After studying in Rome he rebelled against the style of his master Francois Boucher. Toilette of Venus, 1751 Metropolitan Museum of Art Art for the Public f_we_the_people David argued that art should show themes of “heroism and civic virtue” that will “electrify the soul” of the people and “plant the seeds of glory and devotion to the fatherland.” Neoclassicism in France David_Self_Portrait He proclaimed “I want to work in a pure Greek style” Jacques Louis David, Self Portrait, 1794 Louvre Web Gallery of Art Neoclassicism in France Death_of_Socrates David’s subjects focused on the noble deeds of great men from history Socrates was a man of ideas who stood up for his ideas David presents him as an exemplar of virtue Jacques Louis David, Death of Socrates, 1787 Metropolitan Museum 205david “Accused by the Athenian government of denying the gods and corrupting the young through his teachings, Socrates (469–399 B.C.) was offered the choice of renouncing his beliefs or being sentenced to death by drinking hemlock.” Metropolitan Museum 205david “David shows him calmly discoursing on the immortality of the soul with his grief-stricken disciples.” Metropolitan Museum 205david “David's philosopher sacrifices himself to the pursuit of secular truth, an ideal martyr for this, the Age of Enlightenment.” Smarthistory 1115.jpg Neoclassicism in France David’s most famous painting is the Oath of the Horatii The story comes from pre-Republican Rome It’s theme is courage, virtue, and patriotism Jacques Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 Louvre 1115.jpg “In the 7th century BC, to put an end to the bloody war between Rome and Alba, both cities designated champions: the former chose the Horatii, the latter the Curiatii. The two families were linked by marriage.” Louvre 202david “Jacques-Louis David depicts the Horatii swearing to defeat their enemies or die for their country.” Louvre 203david “On the right, the grief-stricken women of the family already fear the worst: Sabina, the sister of the Curiatii and wife of the eldest of the Horatii, and Camilla, the sister of the Horatii and betrothed to one of the Curiatii, hang their heads in sorrow, while behind them, the mother of the Horatii hugs her grandchildren.” Louvre 202david “Jacques-Louis David depicts the Horatii swearing to defeat their enemies or die for their country.” Louvre 1115.jpg “In the 7th century BC, to put an end to the bloody war between Rome and Alba, both cities designated champions: the former chose the Horatii, the latter the Curiatii. The two families were linked by marriage.” Louvre 202david “Jacques-Louis David depicts the Horatii swearing to defeat their enemies or die for their country.” Louvre 203david “On the right, the grief-stricken women of the family already fear the worst: Sabina, the sister of the Curiatii and wife of the eldest of the Horatii, and Camilla, the sister of the Horatii and betrothed to one of the Curiatii, hang their heads in sorrow, while behind them, the mother of the Horatii hugs her grandchildren.” Louvre 1115.jpg “David presents this episode as an example of patriotism and stoicism. In this respect, he is close to philosophers of the Enlightenment such as Diderot, who advocated the painting of moral subjects.” Louvre 1115.jpg “David also wanted to give his painting an orginal form . . . The Oath of the Horatii is the first masterpiece of a new style breaking with the rococo style.” Louvre Neoclassicism in France David_Oath What makes this picture “neoclassical”? Jacques Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 Louvre David_Oath Classical Subject Matter: the story comes from ancient Rome David_Oath Noble Content: it is intended to teach moral virtue; the figure’s are “noble” and “dignified” -- they express what Winckelmann called “noble simplicity and calm grandeur” 203david Greek_lekythos2 Drawing: emphasis on crisp outline 203david Watteau Polished Finish: brushstrokes do not show David_Oath Clarity and simplicity: no mysterious lighting or inessential detail David_Oath Composition: harmonious, balanced, rational Neoclassicism in France David’s Oath of the Horatii was exhibited at the Salon of 1785 to widespread acclaim P.A. Martini, The Salon of 1785 Image source: http://www.a-website.org/mnemosyne/arrange/pages/1pting_salon.html 1115.jpg Neoclassicism in France It quickly became a symbol of the French Revolution because of its message of courage, patriotism, and self-less duty to the nation Jacques Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 Louvre Neoclassicism in France The picture was an inspiring illustration of the principles set forth in Rousseau’s Social Contract soccon.jpg Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, or Principlas of Political Right, 1762 Image source: http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/eng111rl.html “Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” http://www.historywiz.com/rousseau.htm 1115.jpg Neoclassicism in France It quickly became a symbol of the French Revolution because of its message of courage, patriotism, and self-less duty to the nation Jacques Louis David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784 Louvre Neoclassicism in France The picture was an inspiring illustration of the principles set forth in Rousseau’s Social Contract soccon.jpg Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, or Principlas of Political Right, 1762 Image source: http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/eng111rl.html “Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will, and, in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole.” http://www.historywiz.com/rousseau.htm The Reign of Terror David became a member of the radical Jacobin party, and official painter of the revolution The inside of a Jacobin Club, Anonymous Print Image source: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/jacobins.html The Reign of Terror Thousands were executed by guillotine George Cruikshank, The Radicals Arms, 1819 Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror “On Monday September 10th 1792 The Times of London carried a story covering events in revolutionary France: 
"The streets of Paris, strewed with the carcases of the mangled victims, are become so familiar to the sight, that they are passed by and trod on without any particular notice. The mob think no more of killing a fellow-creature, who is not even an object of suspicion, than wanton boys would of killing a cat or a dog". These were the infamous September Massacres when Parisian mobs killed thousands of suspected royalists and set the scene for the events to come, when Madame La Guillotine took centre stage and The Terror ruled in France.” The Terror, BBC The Reign of Terror execution_LouisXVI In 1793 the King and Queen were executed Execution of Louis XVI, engraving of 1798 Wikipedia Anonymous, Execution of Marie Antoinette, October 1793 Wikipedia Neoclassicism in France Jean-Paul Marat was the editor of the Jacobin newspaper L’Ami de peuple, and a leading spokesman of the revolution Joseph Bose, Portrait of Jean-Paul Marat, 1793 Musée Carnavalet, Paris Wikimedia “Marat . . . was a fiery orator; he was also a violent man, quick to take offense. Some saw him as an intransigent patriot; for others he was merely a hateful demagogue” http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html Neoclassicism in France In 1793 Marat was murdered in his bathtub by a royalist sympathizer, named Charlotte Corday Jacques Louis David, Study for the head of Marat, 1793 Musée National du Château, Versailles Picture of Charlotte Corday from 1904 publication, Juniper Hall http://womenshistory.about.com/od/france/ig/Charlotte-Corday/Charlotte-Corday--Juniper-Hall.htm Neoclassicism in France David_Marat David was commissioned by the Jacobin government to commemorate his friend’s death Jacques Louis David, Death of Marat, 1793 David_Marat “Marat is dying: his eyelids droop, his head weighs heavily on his shoulder, his right arm slides to the ground. His body, as painted by David, is that of a healthy man, still young” http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html David_Marat “David has surrounded Marat with a number of details borrowed from his subject's world, including the knife and Charlotte Corday's petition” http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html David_Marat “The face, the body, and the objects are suffused with a clear light, which is softer as it falls on the victim's features and harsher as it illuminates the assassin's petition. David leaves the rest of his model in shadow . . . . one critic claimed "the face expresses a supreme kindness and an exemplary revolutionary spirit carried to the point of sacrifice."” http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html David_Marat “The scene inevitably calls to mind a rendering of the "Descent from the Cross.” http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html 37depos.jpg Neoclassicism in France David_Marat Like Benjamin West’s Death of General Wolfe, a political hero takes the place once occupied by Christ West Jacques Louis David, Death of Marat, 1793 Neoclassicism in France David_Marat Your textbook calls the picture an “altarpiece” for the new civic “religion” Jacques Louis David, Death of Marat, 1793 “Is David attempting now to find revolutionary martyrs to replace the saints of Catholicism (which had been outlawed)?” http://smarthistory.org/david-death-of-marat.html Napoleon Bonaparte david_3_big When the Reign of Terror ended Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power In this portrait David depicts Napoleon as a noble hero of the nation Jacques Louis David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812 National Gallery of Art "He is in his study. . . . The candles flickering and the clock striking four remind him that the day is about to break. . . . He rises. . . to pass his troops in review."” National Gallery of Art Napoleon Bonaparte david_3_big Jacques Louis David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812 National Gallery of Art “It is unlikely that Napoleon actually posed for this portrait despite its convincing detail. The painting is an artful contrivance to convey three aspects of his public image: soldier, emperor, and administrator. A volume of Plutarch's Lives positions him with the great generals of ancient history and reinforces the meaning of the uniform, sword, and campaign maps. Embroidered on the ceremonial chair are the golden bees and N of his imperial emblem. And on the desk, rolled papers—the Code Napoléon, whose reforms are the basis of French legal theory—recall his civic role” National Gallery of Art Napoleon Bonaparte david_3_big Jacques Louis David, The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, 1812 National Gallery of Art “Totally unlike traditional portraits of sovereigns in their robes of state, this standing portrait is a realist allegory of the emperor's civilian activities . . . The picture's message is clear: the military leader is also a powerful statesman, administrator and legislator, whose capacity for work is unparalleled.” http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/key_painting/premier_empire.asp Rigaud Washington_(3) david_3_big Napoleon Bonaparte David_napoleon David continued to serve Napoleon as his power grew In this painting, he portrays Napoleon as a heroic figure crossing the alps at Saint Bernard Pass Jacques Louis David, Napoleon at Saint-Bernard Pass, 1801 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  David_napoleon David_napoleon “Without a doubt the most famous painting of the Napoleonic legend. David here exalts what was in fact quite a prosaic reality, namely that Napoleon crossed the pass riding a donkey, wearing not a magnificent cloak but a simple grey greatcoat ! The complete personification of the Romantic hero, the First Consul triumphs on a rearing charger in a diagonal composition, the very image of irresistible rise. A propaganda masterpiece, the work puts Napoleon on a par with the conquerors of antiquity, namely Hannibal and Charlemagne, whose names appear graven in the foreground rocks.” http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/key_painting/premier_empire.asp David_napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte David_napoleon David continued to serve Napoleon as his power grew In this painting, he portrays Napoleon as a heroic figure crossing the alps at Saint Bernard Pass Jacques Louis David, Napoleon at Saint-Bernard Pass, 1801 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  David_napoleon David_napoleon “Without a doubt the most famous painting of the Napoleonic legend. David here exalts what was in fact quite a prosaic reality, namely that Napoleon crossed the pass riding a donkey, wearing not a magnificent cloak but a simple grey greatcoat ! The complete personification of the Romantic hero, the First Consul triumphs on a rearing charger in a diagonal composition, the very image of irresistible rise. A propaganda masterpiece, the work puts Napoleon on a par with the conquerors of antiquity, namely Hannibal and Charlemagne, whose names appear graven in the foreground rocks.” http://www.napoleon.org/en/essential_napoleon/key_painting/premier_empire.asp 405david Jacques Louis David, Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I, 1805-07 Musée du Louvre, Paris Web Gallery of Art
  The Napoleonic Myth Gros_arcole After Napoleon became Emperor he called upon a new generation of artists to visualize the Napoleonic legend They forged a new dramatic style that came to be known as Romanticism Antoine Gros, Napoleon at Arcole,1796

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I sweep as I discussed in the last pre completion . the Enlightenment philosophers believed that art should appeal to the public but rather than promoting religion or monarchy at the role of art to teach moral virtue . the most successfully fill that demand for an art of edifying moral first you was Neoclassicism . the summary from the National Gallery of art . with the French Revolution . resumed its moral and political purpose and embraced the style known as neoclassicism . before seventeen eighty nine popular taste begun to turn away from the disarming lighthearted subjects for cocoa . as revolution neared artists increasingly sought noble themes of public virtue and personal sacrifice from the history of ancient Greece or Rome . painted and sculpted with restraint and discipline using the austere clarity of the neoclassical style to stamp their subjects with certitude and moral truth . Neoclassicism is confusing and art history class because what he knew about . this is my tummy a couple of weeks ago the predictive Renaissance Square Renaissance artists had already pretty much rediscovered the classical past . the couple hundred years ago at this point in time and think about it . mind classicism had become ornate be too grand and theatrical in the Baroque era . and in the eighteenth century to become frilly precious and frivolous . I The eighteenth Century represented . it was so uncalled for and how to basics Return to origins . really interesting classical art was also fueled by the discovery of Pompeii and advancements in archeological science in the morn not like about each classical culture . in the soul too . classical art were promoted by guilt and ink will not who pioneered art history as a scholarly discipline . 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Cornelia in the center . the mother of the Gracchi two brothers who later became leaders of a popular a four movement in Rome . in this scene a family friend drops by to show off her jewelry . the friend asked Screen eel you to show her jewelry and Cornelia responded by into her son's St you will notice that her son's or her jewels . he points to them not to think daughter who seems to be quite fascinated by the need for jewelry . so Cornelia Mother of the first use . her simple dress . provided a welcome alternative to this self indulgent lifestyle of the aristocracy . the classicism was also popular in the ninety States Thomas Jefferson traveled to Europe where he studied classical antiquities and Colonials four books of architecture . ok three Kenya Estate on Palladio's Hill imprint under some of you may be familiar with monticello Thomas Jefferson to a preconceived Classical influence in the temple front but it's Columns . it's also centrally designed with the with the Dome course the American elements ArtThe the materials the fact that it's built of brick and wood . rather than sell . what a competition was held for the design at the ninety eight . 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Teresa and her inky I are swearing an oath on their father's sword to fight on behalf of the city of Rome and he really cares here . during determination . . eight where he could be here enemies or die for their country just like Greek to die for his ideas . on the other side of the year we noticed that the winner weaving . because the complicated story . the grief stricken women of the family already fear the worst Sabina the fear of the karaoke on why and why . sorry this is a curiously I and light of the eldest carry . and Camilla the sister and her ATI and THAT rose to one of the curiously I hang their heads in sorrow while the high in them the mother of the freaky I helped her grandchildren . the family time . in other words that during this battle . no matter who di these women are going to be a brother or husband noticed how the eighty . there are still family . the man . the men hundred and above those times they are willing to fight to and for their country . they are putting country before personal feelings before on the family . . the apprentice and episode as an example of that tree it isn't still insists on and in this respect he is close to philosophers to the indictment Diderot who advocated the painting of moral subjects the teaching morality and virtue rather than the region . . 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The is also a rejection of that off sensual style of the Rococo day the sun Drawing increase our blind when you look at the figures you can see that at the was actually looking at Greek the painting when he was lying and the great bull Concord figures . also remember the cocoa style was characterized by its very soft sensual style that feathery foliage of the year . he taught students can never let your purse from the show so that art moves and four as Marble the arms of the hat that Christian clerics to them rather than the softness and color color in the reaching for a painting . this also Clarity and simplicity in the competition in of lightning . we don't have . the light is clear rather than mysterious the city's in interim painting . and there's no inessential peak . simple and clear as can be there's no there's no dramatic diagonal receding into the seat almost like a Classical fried . all of the emphasis on harmony balance simplicity is characteristic of the neoclassical style . . Curiatii I was a was a good after London in seventeen eighty five to widespread acclaim and is actually integrating Grading showing the Cylon exhibition and we can be donkey painting break here . . you'll of the French Revolution because of its message of courage patriotism and self less duty to me . the picture was an inspiring illustration of the principles set forth in Rousseau's Social Contract where he will . person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will and in our corporate capacity we receive each member as an indivisible part of the whole . Toledo oh the story is about something that happened to ancient Rome . John Cooney get the painting . universally recognized in France as a painting . symbolize the resolve that . the result of the French Revolution . . a member of the radical Jacobin party . and official painter of the revolution . Revolution did not need to see more lead to democracy . instead it led to a bloody period known as the reign of terror where thousands were executed by guillotine . and here is from a wonderful BBC PTC site on the the reign of terror . this is the calm minds of London story describing the events in France in seventeen ninety two the streets of Paris strewed with the carcasses of the mangled victims are become so familiar to me that they are passed by and tried on without any Continuing noted . the mob think no more . fellow creature who is not even an object of suspicion and wanted boys would . lead on me but the infamous September Massacres when preaching mobs killed thousands of suspected royalists and seemed pretty authentic on the plane and then Monday it took centre stage and they are golden France . in seventeen ninety three The contain Queen were executed . oh Marot was the editor editor of the Jacobin newspaper L'Ami detector and a leading spokesman of the revolution . he was a fiery or eager and a violent man quick to take offense . some saw him as a Patriot . other nice saw him nearly as people Pentagon and today there are some who described him not seek hero . or because it was to keep protect the mom was really sweet on wood rally to the bloodletting that went on . during the reign of terror . in seventeen ninety three Marat was murdered in his bathtub by a royalist sympathizer named Charlotte Corday . he was commissioned by the Jacobin government to commemorate his friend's death . we can each get of Miranda . it shows Marot in medicinal down he suffered from the extended piece on and so it showed . after using it on . he described here Marot is dying his eyelids droop . we see Leon shoulder his right arm slides to the ground his body as painted by anti . hope the man still young . really idealized portrait of this man who some would argue with her and others clearly got the announcement which the guard as a true hero of the revolution . God is surrounded Marat with a number of details borrowed from the subject world including the knife here . and Charlotte card fees the letter that she used to to be on a range of a meeting with . the face the body in the objects are sixteen with a clear light which softer it falls on the deacons features and harsher as it illuminates the . . David The these meets the press to smile in shadow . one critic claimed face expresses a supreme kindness and exemplary revolutionary spirit carried to the point . . I would be like read recently of a man who was seemingly a martyr of the revolution . he was thinking about Historical but recently and it didn't cry . so it's a similar situation to Benjamin West Death of Kent General Wolfe where modern hero a political hero is now in place once occupied by Christ . your textbook calls the picture an altarpiece for the new civic religion . when the real care Terror ended Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power and in this portrait can be depicts Napoleon as a noble hero is unique and we see him in his study candles flickering the clock for on the up and he rises to pass his troops in review . . likely this from the National Gallery of Art likely that Napoleon actually posed for this portrait . the painting is an artful contrivance convey three aspects of his public image soldier emperor and administrator . a volume of the current clients positions him with the great generals ancient history and reinforces the meaning of the uniform the story and theme . included on the ceremonial chair are the golden be seen and of his imperial emblem . and on the desk rolled papers the Code Napoleon on the three formed the basis of French legal theory recall his civic role . Kerry is totally unlike the way monarchs were portrayed in the seventeenth century to think of Louis the fourteenth with all of the drama on the Isle and and all of the special effects that the artist used to think and the aura of his majesty . instead of the Portrait of Napoleon gets closer to Gilbert Stuart Portrait torch Washington Anti the French guild due regard Napoleon Bonaparte as being kind of George Washington . here nation pm on his virtue . think of monarchy . this begins to change that he continued to serve Napoleon as his power grew In this painting he portrays him as seeker Rowan figure crossing the alps at Saint than Art pass the week he Napoleon on Course back to the young heroic figure . on the and at worst reeling and possibly be nice Pointing to the sky . no of course . Gemäldegalerie is completely contrived this from of wonderful website on images Napoleon without a doubt this is the most famous painting of the Napoleonic legend . Debbie during peak Saul but when confronted prosaic reality namely that Napoleon crossed the pass riding a donkey wearing not a magnificent cloak but a simple grey greatcoat . the complete personification of the Romantic hero the First Consul triumphs on a clearing charger in a diagonal composition . Neoclassicism is getting left behind here . on the very in ancient irresistible . a propaganda masterpiece the work puts Napoleon on a par with the conquerors of antiquity namely cannibal and Charlemagne whose names appear graven in the foreground rocks . . . Danny was there when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in eighteen oh four was quite a magnificent street painting selling Napoleon after Eyck round himself emperor . he its crowning his his wife Josephine . Napoleon became Emperor he called upon a new generation of artists to visualize the Napoleonic legend and the forged a new dramatic style that came to be known as Romanticism and that the topic of Parliament . . . .