Art 109: Renaissance to Modern Westchester Community College Prof. M. Hall © Spring 2011 Giotto and the Proto-Renaissance: Late Gothic Painting in Italy Giotto_portait Medieval Europe Religion was a dominating force in the middle ages Constantine I gives imperial power to Pope Sylvester I http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sylvester_I_and_Constantine.jpg - Wikimedia The towering scale of the Gothic cathedral is a testament to the great power of the church at this time Medieval Europe The church was also the dominant patron of art in the middle ages fouquet4 0707.jpg Old Testament Kings and Queens, Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-1155 Medieval Europe The majority of the population was too poor to afford art 0809.jpg Limbourg Brothers, October, from Les Trés Riches Heures de Duc de Berry, 1413-1416 Medieval Europe So most art was religious, and functioned as a “bible for the poor” – a kind of picture book for a mostly illiterate population 0706.jpg 0809.jpg Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1145-1155 Medieval Europe Monreale2 In Medieval art, God is portrayed as a remote and heavenly figure Apse Mosaic, Cathedral of Monreale, near Palermo, Siciliy, 12th century Medieval Europe The abstract style of religious icons emphasized God’s divinity rather than his humanity 0421.jpg Christ as Pantocrator, dome mosaic in the Church of the Dormition, Daphne, Greece, c. 1090-1100 I am an all powerful god, not a man! Medieval Europe When humans were depicted in Medieval religious art, the emphasis was on shame and sin adamandeve Expulsion of Adam and Eve, Hunterian Psalter, c. 1170 autun13 Gislebertus, Last Judgment, west tympanum of St. Lazare at Autun, c. 1120-1135 Get out! And cover yourselves up! Medieval Europe The final day of judgment was often depicted in vivid detail Fra Angelico, Last Judgment (detail), c. 1431 0620.jpg You’re all going straight to hell! Gislebertus, Last Judgment, west tympanum of St. Lazare at Autun, c. 1120-1135 Medieval Europe In the later middle ages attitudes began to change Perspective view of Florence http://www.florenceprints.com/USApages/Views_of_Florence.htm Medieval Europe Cities grew Trade flourished Merchants prospered Perspective view of Florence http://www.florenceprints.com/USApages/Views_of_Florence.htm Medieval Europe And a new patron class emerged -- with money to buy art! Bankers counting the money they will use to commission works of art! Bankers Banking-1300s-Style-BR750 Medieval bankers from a 14th century manuscript http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Italian%20Images/Single%20frames/Banking.htm Medieval Art jamb_statues1 Medieval art reflected church doctrine Art should teach people to fear God! Jamb statues, South transept Chartres Cathedral, c. 1230 And it should remind people of how lowly and sinful they are Medieval Europe Bankers But things began to change when private individuals began commissioning works of art! There is more to life than what it says in the bible! Humanism The new patrons of art were influenced by Humanism, a new philosophy that challenged the teaching of the church “The great intellectual movement of Renaissance Italy was humanism. The humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained both all the lessons one needed to lead a moral and effective life and the best models for a powerful Latin style. They developed a new, rigorous kind of classical scholarship, with which they corrected and tried to understand the works of the Greeks and Romans, which seemed so vital to them.” http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/vatican/humanism.html Castagno_Bocaccio Andrea del Castagno, Giovanni Boccaccio, 1450 Web Gallery of Art Humanism In the Middle Ages, the Bible was the only source of knowledge Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721 Tempera on vellum Image source: http://www.dclab.com/lindisfarne_gospels.asp Humanism Humanist scholars rediscovered the wisdom of the ancients -- they studied human thought, rather than scripture Castagno_Bocaccio Andrea del Castagno, Giovanni Boccaccio, 1450 Web Gallery of Art Humanism And they explored secular ideas about the nature of the world, rather than relying entirely on the word of god Castagno_Bocaccio Andrea del Castagno, Giovanni Boccaccio, 1450 Web Gallery of Art The Shift in Patronage Patron: an individual who “commissions” or purchases a work of art Works of art were made to order for a patron Changing patterns of patronage had a significant impact on art in the Late Gothic and Renaissance periods New patron class was influenced by Humanist ideas, and a more secular understanding of the world The Proto-Renaissance 14th century Florence was a prosperous city state and banking capital Soon to become the cradle of the Renaissance, it was the birthplace of Giotto di Bondone M0802.jpg Giotto and Nature We can begin to examine Giotto’s innovations by comparing his image of the Virgin to an earlier work by Cimabue 0729.jpg 0728.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Ognissante Madonna, c. 1310 Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, c. 1280-1290 Italo-Byzantine Style Cimabue’s painting exemplifies the Italo-Byzantine style that was dominant in Italy in the 13th century 0728.jpg Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, c. 1280-1290 0728.jpg Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, c. 1280-1290 http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/master/xunk_it/xunk_it1/08virgin.html Anon_Virgin Unknown Master, Virgin and Child Enthroned with St Dominic, St Martin and Two Angels, c. 1290 Web Gallery of Art Italo-Byzantine Style Flat gold background (symbolic of heaven) Stylized figures and drapery Lack of dimension and depth 0728.jpg Cimabue, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, c. 1280-1290 Giotto and Nature http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/master/xunk_it/xunk_it1/08virgin.html Anon_Virgin In the Middle Ages, religious icons looked pretty much alike Unknown Master, Virgin and Child Enthroned with St Dominic, St Martin and Two Angels, c. 1290 Web Gallery of Art http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.htm Byz_icon Icon with the Virgin Eleousa, ca. early 14th century Metropolitan Museum Unknown Master, Crucifix with the Stories of the Passion, around 1200 Web Gallery of Art Unknown Master, Crucifix of San Damiano, early 13th century Web Gallery of Art Giotto and Nature This is because religious images were all copies of copies of a sacred original El Greco, Saint Luke Painting the Virgin, 1567 According to legend, Saint Luke painted the first image of the Virgin Icon_painter.jpg Greek Monk painting an icon Image source: http://travel.webshots.com/photo/2975307130032153500VMGWgF Icons also look alike because the artist used a stereotypical formula draw_lisa Bonaventura Berlinghiere, Madonna and Child with Saints and Crucifixion,1260-70 Web Gallery of Art Giotto and Nature Giotto didn’t copy other pictures He based his art on the direct observation of nature Image source: http://www.thirdeyehealth.com/ “A naturalistic approach based on observation was the major contribution of GIOTTO DI BONDONE (ca. 1266-1337)” Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, p. 204 0729.jpg 0728.jpg Listen to the assigned Smarthistory conversation smarthistory2 copy.gif Italo-Byzantine Style Giotto’s painting still retains some old fashioned conventions 0729.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Ognissante Madonna, c. 1310 Italo-Byzantine Style Gold background Use of hierarchic scale 0729.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Ognissante Madonna, c. 1310 Giotto’s Naturalism What is new in Giotto is his use of naturalism, which creates a more humanized image of the Virgin 0729.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Ognissante Madonna, c. 1310 Giotto’s Naturalism Mary is more three dimensional because Giotto used gradations of light and shade to give her body volume and mass 0729.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Ognissante Madonna, c. 1310 chiaroscuro.jpg 0729.jpg We can actually see her breasts swelling beneath her tunic, and tendrils of hair coming out from under her veil. 0729.jpg She looks human and real, rather than heavenly and remote 0729.jpg The angels also look more real – their haloes block the faces of the figures behind them, and the throne blocks our view of the prophets in the background 0729.jpg The throne itself seems to recede into depth – Mary really seems like she is sitting IN the throne, rather than floating in front of it 0729.jpg Jesus still looks like a mini-man rather than a real baby – but pretty soon artists will figure out how to render the proportions of a baby more convincingly The Proto-Renaissance Padua map Giotto traveled from Florence to nearby Padua to work for Enrico Scrovegni The Proto-Renaissance exterior The Arena Chapel was built by Enrico Scrovegni, a wealthy banker and prominent citizen of Padua The chapel was originally attached to his private palace Capella Scrovegni (Scrovegni Chapel), Padua The Proto-Renaissance Scrovegni was a banker, which means he made his fortune by lending money at interest Genoese_bankers Bankers in Genoa, Italy (De Septem Vitis, from the 1300's) The Proto-Renaissance In the Middle Ages this was called usury, and it was considered a sin Genoese_bankers Bankers in Genoa, Italy (De Septem Vitis, from the 1300's) Userer The Proto-Renaissance 09_lastj Enrico built his chapel as a gift to god to atone for his sins Enrico Scrovegni giving the gift of his chapel to angels, Last Judgment, Arena Chapel, Padua, c. 1305 The Proto-Renaissance 09_lastj It was kind of like buying his way into heaven Enrico Scrovegni giving the gift of his chapel to angels, Last Judgment, Arena Chapel, Padua, c. 1305 The Proto-Renaissance But it was also a way of showing off his wealth 0730.jpg 09_lastj Yup, I could afford all of this! Interior, Arena Chapel, Padua, c. 1305 The Proto-Renaissance The walls of the chapel are painted in what is called “bon fresco” technique Interior, Arena Chapel, Padua, c. 1305 The Proto-Renaissance fresco_technique This means the artist painted directly onto wet plaster He could only work on small parts of the picture each day Demonstration of fresco technique http://www.italianfrescoes.com/frescoTechnique.asp The Proto-Renaissance giornata_nativ These parts are called giornata (Italian for “day”) This image shows the “giornata” for the Nativity scene from the Arena Chapel It took Giotto and his workshop at least nine days to complete the picture Analysis of the giornata in Giotto’s Nativity from the Arena Chapel http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Arth213/arenachapel.html The Proto-Renaissance Sculpture mosaic, and stained glass were the favored media of the Middle Ages Fresco was the preferred medium of new patrons such as Enrico Scrovegni since it was less costly 0707.jpg 0711.jpg 0408.jpg Giotto and Nature The frescoes on the walls depict episodes from the life of the Virgin and of Christ wall 0730.jpg Giotto di Bondone, Arena Chapel, 1305 Subject Matter 0729 When analyzing a painting, we begin by describing the subject matter Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 0729 Subject Matter: What is the story? Who are the figures? What are they doing? 0729 “In the presence of angels darting around in hysterical grief, a congregation mourns over the dead body of the Savior just before its entombment. Mary cradles her son’s body, while Mary Magdalene looks solemnly at the wounds in Christ’s feet and Saint John the Evangelist throws his arms back dramatically.” (Gardner’s Art Through the Ages p. 206) Formal Analysis 0729 Next, we begin to analyze how the artist made the image This is called “formal analysis” Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Composition 0729 Composition refers to how the artist chose to arrange the figures in the scene What is the focal point of the story? How does the artist lead the viewer’s eye toward it? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 0729 Form 0729 How are the figures represented? Do they seem real, or abstract? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Form 0729 How does Giotto create the illusion of volume and mass Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Form 0729 How are the figures represented? Do they seem real, or abstract? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 0729 Form 0729 How are the figures represented? Do they seem real, or abstract? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Form 0729 How does Giotto create the illusion of volume and mass Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Chiaroscuro 0729 Gradations of light and shade (chiaroscuro) creates the illusion of three-dimensional volume and mass chiaroscuro.jpg Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 0729 Light Shadows Light Space 0729 How does he create depth? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Chiaroscuro 0729 Landscape setting instead of the gold background Crucifix_Acad_ent Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Unknown Master, Lamentation, from the Crucifix with the Stories of the Passion, around 1200 Web Gallery of Art Natural landscape setting 0729 Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 0729 Blocking/ overlapping figures Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Foreground Middle ground Background 0729 Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Foreshortening 0729 Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Emotion 0729 How does he communicate emotion? Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 giotto128 Emotion How did he learn to do this? photojournalist47 woman woman_crying2 photojournalist39 mourn_father_baby KentState crying woman at window005 Giotto and Nature Giotto dispensed with the stereotypical formulas used to depict emotion in Medieval art Crucifix_Acad_ent Unknown Master, Lamentation, from the Crucifix with the Stories of the Passion, around 1200 Web Gallery of Art Giotto and Nature Giotto_angels_Lamentation His figures are based on the direct observation of people’s facial expressions and gestures woman_crying2 Giotto’s Innovations in Context Medieval society was preoccupied with religion and god God was not of this earth, but existed in heavenly realm Monreale2 Giotto’s Innovations in Context 09_lastj The shift in patronage stimulated a new, more “humanist” approach to the representation of religious themes Giotto’s Innovations in Context Medieval society was preoccupied with religion and god God was not of this earth, but existed in heavenly realm Monreale2 Giotto’s Innovations in Context 09_lastj The shift in patronage stimulated a new, more “humanist” approach to the representation of religious themes Giotto’s Innovations in Context 0729 In Giotto’s art Mary, Jesus, the Apostles (and even angels) are portrayed as flesh and blood human beings, with real feelings and emotions They have been “brought down to earth” and humanized Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Giotto’s Innovations in Context 0729 They are more like us woman_crying2 Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Giotto’s Innovations in Context 0729 Humanism: “As the word humanism suggests, the chief concerns of its proponents were human values and interests as distinct from – but not opposed to – religion’s otherworldly values.” (textbook, p. 216) Giotto di Bondone, The Lamentation, Arena Chapel, 1305 Giotto’s Innovations in Context Giotto represents an awakening sense of independence from the church and its doctrines “By stressing the preeminence of sight for gaining knowledge of the world, Giotto and his successors contributed to the foundation of empirical science . . . . he showed his generation a new way of seeing. With Giotto, Western artists turned resolutely toward the visible world as their source of knowledge of nature.” (Gardner, p. 204) Giotto’s Innovations in Context In the Middle Ages, all truth was believed to come from God The Bible was the source of all knowledge and truth Lindisfarne Gospels, c. 698-721 Tempera on vellum Image source: http://www.dclab.com/lindisfarne_gospels.asp Giotto’s Innovations in Context Giotto_angels_Lamentation Giotto showed that truth and knowledge could be derived from the study of the visible world Giotto’s Innovations Painting based on direct observation of nature Use of light and shade to create the illusion of volume and mass Convincing depiction of spatial depth Use of facial expression and gesture (body language) to convey emotion and psychology Humanist representation of religious stories – emphasis on humanity rather than divinity

this is Professor Melissa Hall and Mississippi to take a nine Giotto and The Proto Renaissance . . dominating force in the Middle Ages . knowing scale of the two of the Testament great power of the church time . also the dominant patron of art in the Middle Ages . Guardian population was too poor to a Ford art . the most art was religious . and the art functioned as a bible for the poor a kind of your book for a mostly illiterate population . in Medieval art God is portrayed as a remote and heavenly figure . the abstract style of religious icons emphasized God's divinity rather than his humanity . when she would put it in Medieval religious art the emphasis was on shame and ten . the final day of judgment was often competed in fifty detail . the message was . annual peak and . in the middle ages attitudes began to change . he grew Trade flourished been married since prospered . and in New patron class emerged with a lot of money to buy art . the Medieval art reflected church doctrine because the church was paying for the art . but things began to change when private individuals began commissioning works of art . Harper influenced by Humanism The new philosophy the challenge the teachings of the church . from a Web site on sponsored by I get the Library of Congress on Humanism . the great intellectual movement of Renaissance Italy was humanism . the humanists believed that the Greek and Latin classics contained both all the lessons one needed to be tomorrow an effective life and the best models for a powerful Latin style . they developed a new rigorous kind of classical scholarship with which they corrected and tried to understand the works of the out of the Greeks and Romans which seemed so vital to them . the increase in classical literature . the work of writers from ancient Greek team to groom was new . in the middle eight in the Bible was pretty much the only source of knowledge . got a question . look for the and in the work of God . but we'll scholars rediscovered the wisdom of the ancients they studied human thought rather than scripture . that is actually where the term humanity in the Study of humanity . humanists explored secular ideas about the nature of the world rather than relying entirely on the work of God . . to sum up the initial part of the precincts nation . NH We . in patronage is an important concept that patron It's an individual who commissions or purchases a work of art . back in again of the Middle Ages and on into the Renaissance work of art were made to order for a patron Changing patterns of patronage had a significant impact on art both in the Late Gothic and the early Renaissance period . and this new patron class was influenced by Humanist ideas and a more secular understanding of the world . . fourteen century Florence was a prosperous city state and banking capital . to become the cradle of the Renaissance proper . it was the birthplace of Giotto di Bondone a the first artists that we are going to be looking . . we intend to examine Shadows innovations by comparing his image of the church and the in the Ognissante Madonna to an earlier work became of belief . the police painting exemplifies the and I will Byzantine style that was dominant in Italy in the thirteenth century . some of the recent the dial include the Flat gold background that recent Island could happen . dial I think you can drapery and no overall lack of dimension and depth . in the Middle Ages religious icons all pretty much look alike . because religious images for all copies of copies of companies of a sacred of regional According to legend Saint Luke painted the first portrait of the Virgin Mary and told all Icons are essentially . the region . I also look alike because the artist used a stereotypical formula a kind of the nine member approach . Tom like that like the into the image you see there that shows you how to trump the from the scene . the other . sorry on the direct Conservation of Nature and the breakthrough . textbook and naturalistic approach based on onto patient with them each year contribution Counter . we can see the difference between Kim and police were on a lap representative of the and hello Byzantine Style and shot a new approach in the Ognissante Madonna new team getting him more in depth on discussion of this comparison in the assigned Smarthistory conversation . Giotto's painting still retains some Old fashioned conventions . we can see this for example in the gold background which is an violent attack in the can also see it in things like the Use of hierarchic scale where nearly twice the size of the other figures . that's a very artificial . that's not realistic . they seem to lie her important . he . but what's new in shot o is his use of naturalism which creates a more humanized image of Hurricane Naturalism of course coming from the fact that he's basing his work on the observation of nature he's using II . one aspect of this Naturalism is the fact that near E is more three dimensional . then came the policemen countered . because Judd Oh it's using a new technique was a technique used by artists in ancient Greece in Rome . he used gradations of light and she and this creates the illusion of volume and mass . . actually see Mary breasts swelling beneath her tunic and Joseph hair coming out from under her veil . she looks human and real rather than heavenly and remote . also look more real their most block the faces of the kids the high income and the throne blocks our cue of the prophets in the background . the throne itself seems to me he into depth Mary really seems like she sitting in the throne rather than floating in front and . you may have noticed that she says it's not terribly realistic . he still looks like a mini man rather than a real The be a pretty soon artists will secure out how to render the proportions that the people working conceived . . Giotto traveled from current to nearby Padua to work for a man by the name of and that the coach will take me . the league was killed by of Anti who was a wealthy banker and prominent citizen of Padua The chapel was a racially attached to his private palace . the banker which means he made his fortune by lending money at interest . in the Middle Ages this was called usury and it was considered to San . to Enrico built his chapel as a gift to god to atone for his sins in the Estate of small particles larger president chose Enrico Scrovegni knee . getting a little model of the chapel to the Angels to the gift of God . like buying his way into heaven . it was also a way of showing off his wealth . Gardena find that the motivations for a case New patron class the new Merchants and bankers who are commissioning works of art . there are multiple reasons on the one hand there are between two streets and very very authentic religious people we think they want to atone for stand and they're preparing for the afterlife . but they are also showing off well showing that . double was the Arena Chapel are painted in what is called bon fresco technique . this means that the artist directly onto wet plaster . the only work on small part to ensure each day we have to finish that part before the plaster try . the parts are called Jordan on that which is Italian for gay This image shows the to and not the truth and Nativity scene from the really terrible . it is shuttling work out between ninety to complete the picture . Sculpture mosaic and stained glass were the favored media of the middle Each . but Fresco was the preferred medium of new patrons like Kennedy . take me think it was less costly . . the Summer wall that the leaning Chapel depict episodes from the like that that Virgin and of Christ . the team that we want to focus on is titled eleven patient . and here we are going to follow the normal process of the week we analyzed in the case in this class . the first thing we do . when we analyzing image discrete describing the subject matter . and by subject matter we mean what is the story . with the The cure . what are they doing . Gary depiction of subject matter . . in the presence of angels darting around in Europe go green . here's your angels here . a congregation mourns Pope is dead body of the scene here just before its entombment . nary cradles the son's body while Mary Magdalene looks solemnly at the wounds in Christ's feet . the John the Evangelist throws his arms back dramatically . clearly Minimal description . sense of what is happening in the picture . we do when we look at her . . who is competing to analyze how the artist made the image called formal analysis . one thing we can talk about the Composition Composition refers to how the artist chose to a range that the can can he Greek sample and this seemed the most important thing here describe . usually the most important figures in the center of that . but Giotto chose to represent the most important figure . last . so what are you . that is the focal point of that . lead our highest court that focal point . I think the Smarthistory people talk about this . in a number of plays twenty go back here . could . let's go back . no . first of all Them Rocky the deal in the background the Strong diagonal leaves our eyes directly down to the focal point . the other thing is the way in which everyone needs to focus on the Erie Anti described the artist very carefully composed the image . so that our eye led to the most important part of the picture and the story . the other thing we can get in the form How are the figures represented . the real or abstract . on now that Smarthistory compensation that you were assigned to listen to you on this and I think the are you learn that the speed Years like the Ognissante Madonna are much more realistic than the people in ancients and the question is how . well how does not know create the illusion of volume and mass . as we learned in the Ognissante Madonna He's using a technique called to the courtroom where he teaching gradations of light and she to create the illusion of volume and mass . only look closely at the picture . the can actually see where the latest coming from . it cited the Army it's like are offered here it's darker . we can see it even better on east c fifty years where a little late . com . Elaine overseer and darker she go from here and discrete the one between light and dark it's what makes those figures look roundtable like the hand volume down and wait . in this danger also said the figure ten three dimensional indeed but they also we did in the state that has an illusion of that . how do shot no create the sense of depth . but first of all . actually Landscape background rather than gold background that was typical of Medieval art . so here we have o Rocky Mount In in the background of blue sky and even a treaty a treaty that is on the list until it becomes symbolic because the tree of life . he also creates a sense of that I think Years block figures to be kind and nice to see the peak years are really critical here . nothing to do with the Stories We don't know who they are . Sato had simply been here to establish a Foreground . and once he establishes the Foreground we can about Foreground Middle ground and background when we talk about Foreground Middle ground and background we are talking about these two is the recession into depth in the picture Medieval imaged had known that there was no Foreground Middle ground . . another technique shot o uses to create the illusion of depth . it's a technique called Foreshortening . John the Evangelist twenty four in his arms out here . left arm is projecting and to our speech and his right arm is projecting into depth . and this is called Foreshortening . . when any of the things that we see him . you and he might not go . the term incentive Emotion How does not know communicate emotion . he can only look at me airing looking into the face of her life with the sun . we know it the key is that we know the key is that because of facial expression . the under way in which he create Elaine Christ had . even better in the team to fly into this coming out into foreign team and human angels are purely spiritual creatures . but looking human AP A . they're courting their face in in expressions of sadness . your class being there can't be tearing their hair out . . or reading their theory chance to be a key to like a week here . how did shot no learn to do this . well think about it . . serve the world around him . one almost get the sense that John O'Quinn to funerals and me . and to be down the weight of what people to with beer cans and their faces when there's that . going this way . Giotto dispensed that period to go formulas used to depict emotion in Medieval art . here's a piece on the direct observation of people's facial expression and gesture . looking now again in the larger context . nickel Changing Duno is encouraging Nature . but what this all mean . think about it . Medieval society was preoccupied with religion and god . but in Medieval society . God was not of despair . in heavenly realm . . King It's frankly that was when back in the Middle Ages when God was not part of this earth . the artwork team sponsored by the church . but the men Mike and we can Scrovegni me on this commissioning the Art Andy shift in continued stimulated a more humanist approach to the breathtaking to of religious themes . in shot Los art nary pieces the Apostles and an angel . trade as flesh and blood human peace with real feelings and emotions They been brought down to earth and humanized . . they are more like us . and we in turn would make the story in a much more direct way . Humanism As the word humanism suggests some forty new textbook the chief concerns of its proponents were human values and interests as distinct from but not the really opposed to religion's otherworldly values . Donald represents an awakening sense of independence from the church and its doctrines . you can't look began By stressing the preeminence of sight . Duno in his successors contributed to the foundation of empirical science . Giotto generation a new way of seeing . which Donald Western artists turned resolutely toward the principal world as their source of knowledge and Nature . remember in the Middle Ages all truth was believed to come from God The Bible was the source of all knowledge and truth . got a question . look it up in the bible . Giotto showed that truth and knowledge could be to ride from the Study of the physical world . . some of shot as Innovations He introduced a new style of painting . the hundred observation of nature . he include U two flight Kinky to create the illusion of volume announced . also neon created a convincing Hippie and Dan . facial expressions and gestures to the emotion and a college team . art finally represents a human a strip recent and a frequent his story . where the emphasis on humanity rather than contain it . and that's the and .