Paths to Sustainable Aquaculture Josh Goldman Founder & CEO Australis Aquaculture, LLC no_barra_logo_onblk_121007_PURE_BLACK Captive bluefin tuna inside a transport cage. The cage is being towed by a tug from fishing grounds in Libya to Tuna farms in Sicily. http://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedI mages/Divisions/FRD/Large_Pelagics/Billfish/Billfish.jpg http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcSvRQzU50DfrJf4lppRopybYpM208wsSWQu2aq18o9PCN0bEBoD http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcSg-czdOxie-efXA-xyqbZHQZfORVuV6d5KssQMSiqmU0BnKjvORw http://ieslaroda-bilingue.wikisp aces.com/file/view/blue-planet-earth.jpg/98707105/blue-planet-earth.jpg http://www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/Ju/ocean-census-cirrate-octopod-1006-lg.jp g Overview Our food system at risk: The compelling case for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture Wild Fish: Rebuilding abundance A brief history of aquaculture The pursuit: paths to sustainable aquaculture Benchmarking and assessment http://ieslaroda-bilingue.wikispaces.com/file/view/blue-planet-earth.jpg/98707105/blue-planet-e arth.jpg Our World: 2012 Human population: + ~200,000 per day Crop yields: flat for past decade / limited new land Total food: ~ 50% channeled to animal feed Human nutrition: ~ 15% chronically malnourished Capture fisheries: fully exploited Meet the Anthropocene era: http://ieslaroda-bilingue.wikispaces.com/file/view/blue-planet-earth.jpg/98707105/blue-planet-e arth.jpg Our World: 2050 Global food system will experience an unprecedented confluence of pressures: Human population: +37% Animal Protein Consumption: +20% Total Food Production: +70% Energy costs: food prices up sharply Climate Change: Stress crop production Accelerate need to reduce use of non-renewable resources Source: UN FAO Terrestrial Agriculture: A Triumph of Productivity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wik ipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Food_production_per_capita_1961-2005.png/220px-Food_production_per_cap ita_1961-2005.png http://lh6.ggpht.com/-Fx-Su_Ze-uE/TkAtqfcYG9I/AAAAAAAADv0/gO7qr xCvtL4/fig3%25255B11%25255D.jpg World food production: Per capita index - 1961 - 2005 http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lvcQDaR56xg/Trfc71LwF3I/AAAAAAAAQKs/KKi6Ng03gVU/s1600/corn.jpg US Corn Yield Bushel per acre - 1866 to 2011 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Food_production_per_capita_1961-2005.p ng/220px-Food_production_per_capita_1961-2005.png World food production: Per capita index - 1961 - 2005 Highly dependent on fossil fuels Unsustainable water use Rapidly rising Costs Geopolitical instability FAO Food Price Index BUT: Terrestrial Agriculture: Our food system at risk Peak Fish: 25 Years without growth http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcSvRQzU50DfrJf4lppRopybYpM208wsSWQu2aq18o9PCN0bEBoD http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcSg-czdOxie-efXA-xyqbZHQZfORVuV6d5KssQMSiqmU0BnKjvORw Captive bluefin tuna inside a transport cage. The cage is being towed by a tug from fishing grounds in Libya to Tuna farms in Sicily. World Capture Fisheries Production Seafood: Unique Health Benefits: Obesity Depression Cancer Diabetes Heart Disease Addressing Skewed Omega 6:3 Ratio Can Seafood Supply Keep Up: Seafood Consumption Growing 2X Population Tectonic Shift 1.8 to 4.9 billion middle class by 2030 85% of growth in Asia Income vs. Animal Protein Consumptions http://hiphappy.files.wordpress .com/2009/08/chinese_coke_billboard.jpg http://www.frumforum.com/wp-con tent/uploads/2010/04/crowd-in-china.jpg Source: OECD Wild Fish? “Populations of large fish such as tuna, cod, swordfish and marlin have declined by as much as 90% in the past century” “More than 70% of the world's marine fisheries are now fished up to or beyond their sustainable limit.” FDFW.jpg http://see-the-sea.org/topics/commerce/OVERFISHINGfromPEW.gif Disproportionate Effects: Global Poor John Rae Photography Ocean Impacts: Year of Peak Fish Harvest maxyear_ripple Harvest Peak Pre-peak Post-peak Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Sea Around Us project Fishing Down The Food Web FDFW.jpg “Populations of large fish such as tuna, cod and swordfish have declined by as much as 90% in the past century” Magnuson Act (EEZ: 1982) Magnuson Act (EEZ) Larger Magnuson Act (EEZ) Larger More Numerous Magnuson Act (EEZ) Larger More Numerous Smarter Global fleet more than doubled to 1.2 million med & large vessels Overcapacity estimated Global fleet more than doubled to 1.2 million med & large vessels Overcapacity estimated subsidies for fishing ended in 2010 Fleet Overcapacity: Too many boats / too few fish Smarter Fishing Fisheries can be restored whale shark Science & Technology: Science-based catch limits Less destructive gear Policy & Enforcement: Reduce illegal fishing (IUU) Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) Informed Markets: Certification & Traceability Smart Buyers and consumers http://see-the-sea.org/topics/c ommerce/MarinReservesWorkPEW.gif http://farm4.static.flickr.com/ 3109/3129721129_3100379e50.jpg Aquaculture? \\Server3\users\Carol\Photos\Pirraracu.JPG VN_ugly_Cage More Efficient Food Production Improved Human Health Carbon Sequestration Food Security http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/2011/1101110718_400.jpg Aquaculture: The Future of Fish Feed Conversion Efficiency Ancient Origins Nutrient Cycling http://www.101funpages.com/html /imgs/page_imgs/tt0502/happiness.gif poly1 http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/a c624e/ac624e09.jpg S 1980’s: Shrimp Farming Shrimp Producing Countries Habitat Destruction In extreme cases, such as Honduras, mangrove surface has decreased by 68% ~25% of world wide mangrove surface area has been lost Extreme Water Use 1990’s: Salmon Farm Expansion Farming Tigers? C:\Documents and Settings\josh\Desktop\Salmon.jp g C:\Documents and Settings\josh\Desktop\Smolt.jpg http://www.marineharvestcanada.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Moresby-218.jpg 1/3 of catch is industrial fisheries for meal & oil Well managed fisheries with low risk of depletion Aquaculture: Sustainable growth relies on continued reduction in inclusion rates: Use of by fishery by-products Species with dietary flexibility Novel Ingredients – Special Grains, Protein Concentrates, DDG’s, Microbial’s , Yeast, Insects, Seaweed, Algae, The Feed Challenge: Doing More with Less http://www.marineharvest.com/Global/Imagebank/Illutrations/Fish%20feed/Stable_fishmeal.gif A Real Estate Problem? Proximity to wild salmon runs http://www.marineharvestcanada.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Moresby-218.jpg 2000: Tilapia Farming Explodes http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/graphics/contentphoto_aquacu lture.jpg http://www.fishfarming.com/images/ecuador_ponds.JPG Integration with Irrigation Beneficial reuse of nutrients Conservation Issue Feed Fish In: Fish Out Habitat Effects Mangroves, Nutrient Loading, Benthic Effect on ocean floor Biological Interactions Disease Predators, Escapes, Chemicals Theriputants Antiboitcs Anti-foulants, Conservation Concerns: Defining the issues Health and Sustainability Can they go together? 11:1 http://www.themedifastplan.com/ wp-content/uploads/2011/06/tilapia-and-omega-6.jpg http://invasivore.org/wp-conten t/uploads/2011/05/om-3-fats-edible-invaders.jpg Shrimp Omega-6 to 3 Ratio AA/EPA Ratio Beef 11:1 4:1 1:1 Salmon Tilapia Catfish Source: Weaver, et. al 2009 What question will guide you? http://desertdemocrat.files.wor dpress.com/2011/03/nonukes1.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Smilin g_Sun_-_English.jpg/220px-Smiling_Sun_-_English.jpg http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q= tbn:ANd9GcSmaRMbNL7GZEocG9yu0MAwQ2fAOQyQNwkvpTQciEkr__4x74iQkLgzXFEjXg Our Response: A solar greenhouse at our dorm 1983: Going Deeper Science and Technology Going to market: Tilapia Aquaponics Salmon European Seabass Cod Tilapia Barramundi Cobia Grouper Months to Harvest Wt 24 – 36 18 – 24 24 - 38 7 -8 11 - 14 14 -18 14 - 24 Wt. at harvest (kg) 6.0 – 8.0 0.3 – 0.5 2.0 – 4.0 0.8 1.1 4 0.9 – 3.0 Fingerling (US$ /Each) 0.42 0.49 1.09 0.03 0.07 0.65 0.75 - 2.00 Survival 85 – 90% 85 – 90% 75 - 85% 85% 70% 55% 45 - 75% Fingerling Cost (US$/Kg) 0.67 0.20 2.80 0.05 0.09 0.34 0.90 - 1.65 Typ. % Marine Content in Feed 42% 38% 45% 3 - 10% 25% 52 - 66% 100% Feed Cost (US$ / MT) 1,400 1,300 1,400 500 1,375 1,500 520 Typical FCR 1.200 1.50 0 1.25 1.60 1.4 1.9 12.0 Fillet Yield (Skin on) 60% 45 - 48% 45% 36% 45% 45% 45% Finding A Better Fish to Farm? Ecological / Production Benchmarking Barramundi: The Sustainable Seabass Diadromous: Breeds in Salt Water, Matures in Fresh Eats low on the food chain, yet high Omega-3 Culinary traits similar to Grouper, Snapper, Seabass australis_barra_on_ice_300dpi G:\Barra_Scale_Fingers.jpg pic_Fis-22888 Unique Life History: S:\Marketing\Photos\Plating\Bar ra on Salad\Barra-on-Salad_white bkgd.jpg The fish grow-out facility at Turner’s Falls, MA, USA Fish Blg Company Sign Australis Turners Falls Facility 46 Australis Farming System Sequential Batch Process: Unlocking Barramundi’s Potential B C/D P A 40 Days 40 Days 40 Days 90 Days Hatchery 12 Tanks 6 Tanks 6 Tanks 10 Tanks Harvest E/F 70 Days 8 Tanks G:\Brood_Catheter.jpg Marine Hatchery Reproduction & Larval Rearing 48 G:\Grading_Fish_Pump.jpg \\Server3\users\Carol\Photos\Restaurant Insider\australis_001.jpg Nursery and Grow-Out feeding_305dpi.jpg G:\Grading_Fish_Pump.jpg DSCF0099 Australis Barramundi in Water.JPG 52 Big Y Barramundi Billboard Australis_SB_012006 Introduced Barramundi to Top Restaurants Growing Awareness Australis_SB_012006 Globe cover Four%20Seasons%20Logo McCormick-logo-b_w top_grill http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.foodgps.com/wp -content/uploads/2009/02/charlie-palmer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.foodgps.com/course-charlie-palm er-valentine%E2%80%99s-menu-at-south-coast-plaza/&usg=__Pi_oJq8EOLMm85WN8JsYFVlO-mQ=&h=712&w=948 &sz=188&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=MnF18YeAyWQIZM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images?q=charlie+palme r&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GZHZ&sa=N&um=1 charlie-palmer logo_aquagrill http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.foodgps.com/w p-content/uploads/2009/02/charlie-palmer.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.foodgps.com/course-charlie-pal mer-valentine%E2%80%99s-menu-at-south-coast-plaza/&usg=__Pi_oJq8EOLMm85WN8JsYFVlO-mQ=&h=712&w=94 8&sz=188&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=MnF18YeAyWQIZM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images?q=charlie+palm er&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7GZHZ&sa=N&um=1 charlie-palmer G:\Grading_Fish_Pump.jpg \\Server3\users\Carol\Photos\Restaurant Insider\australis_001.jpg Limitations of Indoor Farming High Capital Cost (˜5X net pens) Energy, maintenance Costs Very high skill and training Thrives on low harvest wt. Future: Enabling Technology for select parts of life cycle Australis in Vietnam Vietnam-Sea-Lease-ABC https://lh4.googleusercontent.c om/-oLQGY4c3JBE/Tf-peXTfIII/AAAAAAAABWk/7lQqLZOQmmg/s912/Copy%252520of%252520P1010785.jpg http://lh6.ggpht.com/_ur2NM3wRn-M/SwBo_gNbIKI/AAAAAAAAAKM/G12aSrMyEYQ/s640/Raceways.JPG https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/-UweE4TeViKk/SwBo75tacbI/AAAAAAAAAJ4/7FcMO7hb8L8/s800/NurTks. JPG Beautiful-Van-Phong-Bay-Waters.jpg https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-oLQGY4c3JBE/Tf-peXTfIII/AAAAAAAABWk/7lQqLZOQmmg/s912/Copy%25 2520of%252520P1010785.jpg 59 C:\Documents and Settings\Josh\Desktop\AAQ_Presentation\DSC_0492.jpg Ocean transport reduces carbon emission by 90% compared to air freight http://climatide.wgbh.org/files/2011/02/lf-salmon-graphic2_1161901a.jpg http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/publications/article/img/2009/11-23-09-02.jpg Back to the Future: Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Better Tasting Sweet, Mild & Buttery Delicate Texture Broad Customer Appeal Better for You High oil content / High Omega-3’s resists over cooking No hormones, colorants or antibiotics mercury or PCB’s Better for our Environment Reduced use of meal & oil Natural solutions for escape, disease & pollution 62 The Better Fish The term benchmarking was first used by cobblers to measure people's feet for shoes. They would place someone's foot on a "bench" and mark it to make the pattern for the shoes. SERG logo colour large.jpg How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Benchmarking eco-labels How Do You Know? Consumer Tools / Real Time Modeling Food, Fuel, Medicine, Nutrient Recovery, Carbon Sequestration https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRkxdWWChLP0nDyuT9HmnH4e1WJxAnyR15jMXOSJode 4gm3Sk-5 http://www.martek.com/Portals/_default/Skins/MartekBiosciencesS kin/_images/martek_logo.jpg https://connect.innovateuk.org/image/image_gallery?uuid=aded008 5-2f72-4e58-bda0-8154d742df61&groupId=2244495&t=1301657081488 C:\Documents and Settings\josh\Desktop\Las Cruces (1) http://www.xconomy.com/wordpres s/wp-content/images/2010/07/Sapphire-Energy-logo-July-2010.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.google.c om/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTW410jp5niSgKSuqqAY0ToDGqAPe3_6mCDiKCBeDm62JAG1LrP5A Farming the Seas Limitless Possibilities for Imaginative Minds Thank You! no_barra_logo_onblk_121007_PURE_BLACK