Enlightenment Part 2
X
Introduction
New Social Sciences
Adam Smith
Cesare Beccaria
Discussion Questions 1
The Spread of Ideas
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Views on Education & Women
Mary Wollstonecraft
Publishing & Salons
Wesley & Methodism
Discussion Question 2
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New
Social
Sciences
The
belief
in
logic
and
reason
promoted
the
beginnings
of
social
sciences.
MainIdea
http://rasselchiropractic.com/newsletters/ind_ded_reasoning.GIF
Adam
Smith,
a
Scottish
philosopher,
studied
natural
economic
laws
that
governed
human
society.
Their
work
led
to
the
modern
discipline
of
economics.
Adam
Smith’sThe
Wealth
of
Nations
asserted
that
the
state
should
not
interfere
with
economic
matters
by
imposing
regulations
on
the
economy.
(laissez-faire)
New
Social
Sciences
(cont.)
However,
Cesare
Beccaria’s
On
Crimes
and
Punishments
reasoned
that
cruel
and
capital
punishment
did
not
deter
others
from
committing
crimes.
New
Social
Sciences
(cont.)
At
this
time,
most
European
court
systems
dealt
only
in
cruel
punishments.
DiscQuestion
According
to
Smith,
which
is
not
a
role
of
the
government?
A.
Protect
society
from
invasion
B.
Place
tariffs
on
imports
to
protect
merchants
C.
Defend
citizens
from
injustice
D.
Build
public
works
such
as
roads
The
Spread
of
Ideas
From
the
upper
classes
to
the
middle
classes
and
from
salons
to
pulpits,
the
ideas
of
the
Enlightenment
spread.
MainIdea
One
of
the
most
famous
Enlightenment
philosophes
was
Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
who
wrote
about
government.
Rousseau
wrote
The
Social
Contract,
in
which
the
society
agrees
to
be
governed
by
its
general
will.
The
Spread
of
Ideas
(cont.)
A
social
contract
is
an
agreement
between
the
government
and
the
governed.
http://law-guy.com/classics/blo
g/wp-content/uploads/rousseau.jpg
Because
the
general
will
represents
what
is
best
for
the
community,
Rousseau
argued
that
liberty
could
be
achieved
if
people
were
forced
to
follow
the
general
will.
Rousseau
also
wrote
that
education
should
foster
children’s
natural
instincts
and
that
women
should
receive
education
on
how
to
be
mothers
and
wives.
The
Spread
of
Ideas
(cont.)
http://education-living.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/906857_50320375-1024x750.jpg
The
English
writer
Mary
Wollstonecraft
is
viewed
as
the
founder
of
the
women’s
rights
movement
in
Europe
and
America.
Wollstonecraft
debunked
the
idea
of
male
domination
by
comparing
it
to
the
relationship
between
monarchs
and
subjects,
which
Enlightenment
thinkers
claimed
was
wrong.
The
Spread
of
Ideas
(cont.)
http://www.umich.edu/~ece/student_projects/wollstonecraft/maryface.jpg
The
Enlightenment
witnessed
the
growth
of
publishing
and
reading.
Books
were
written
for
a
literate
middle
class,
and
many
newspapers
and
magazines
appeared.
Enlightenment
ideas
were
also
spread
though
the
salons
of
upper-class
homes.
The
Spread
of
Ideas
(cont.)
http://www.hfcsd.org/webpages/dmurphy/photos/2364/3Enlightenment%20Salon.jpg
Although
many
of
the
philosophes
attacked
the
Church,
most
were
still
Christians
and
religion
was
central
to
European
life.
In
England,
John
Wesley
began
a
new
movement
known
as
Methodism.
Wesley
stressed
hard
work
and
religious
contention
with
his
preaching.
The
Spread
of
Ideas
(cont.)
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_4DGbC
4uKJ9I/RubMSK4O85I/AAAAAAAABlo/HjthqQLPA7E/s400/john+wesley.jpg
DiscQuestion
According
to
Rousseau,
who
is
bound
together
by
the
social
contract?
A.
Man
and
woman
B.
Rich
and
poor
C.
Government
and
governed
D.
Employers
and
workers