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Edwards Rhind lecture 1
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C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Norse place-names N Britain low res.jpg 746px-Frontispiece_to_Memoir_of_the_late_Alexander_Henry_Rhind,_of_Sibster 2 Rhind Lecture series with a clear Viking/Norse focus 2 on Egypt 11 on the Romans 2 with a clear landscape focus ogs O.G.S. Crawford (1886-1957) 024_p54 1943 - 67th Rhind Lecturer: The Topography of Roman Scotland http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingold.jpg Ingold.jpg IMG_2032_Paul Buckland cropped low res Tim Ingold Paul Buckland vikings mask-of-king-tut Romans vallepajares.files.wordpress.co m king-tut.org.uk/images/mask-of-king-tut.jpg chemistryland.com/ Kinloch Rum view Cuillins Ian & Sandra_cropped low res P1040900 badge low res 1 C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Holar etc_August 2006\Holar\IMG_0053 Dagfinn Skre 1.JPG C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Kaupang cover_Skre.jpg kaupang_oversikt_web http://rpgforumsonline.com/foru m/viewtopic.php?t=26971 C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Kaupang boat burial recon.jpg Kaia “The housewife Kaia greets her guest well” http://hafrsfjordvikingene.no/ C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Cork\IMG_2122_low res.JPG “…. in order to assist in the general advancement of knowledge” Alexander Rhind alexander_rhind C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Viking-Warrior[1] low res.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Viking-Warrior[1] low res.jpg Viking (ethnic) versus viking (general)? Northmen, Danes, pagans, white foreigners (Norwegians), black foreigners (Danes), Rus, væringi Viking (9th century England) Sea warrior, men of the bays Raiders &/or traders Viking (AD 800-1050), Norse (AD 1050-1500) Viking/Norse Vikings/Norse C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Viking world map_Brink and Price_low res.jpg Why study the Vikings/Norse in the North Atlantic from the perspective of ecological and related social contexts? Garðar Garðar Brink & Price (2008) Trading and/or raiding North Atlantic - rapid migration of people, animals, crops.….. Greenland saga ship cover text Borg reconstruction Norway IMG_0018 Shetland Toftanes3 Faroes Hofstadir_hall 2 Iceland 010_Overview of Ø167 Greenland Commonalities C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\OldNorse900.gif Old W. Norse Old E. Norse Other Germanic C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\9. Thingvellir\from Saebjorg.jpg Þingvellir law codes Grágás - AD 930-1262 C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Jens Rosing 2000_Things and Wonders\Bishop_Sandnes_Rosing cropped.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\5. Culture house mss Reykjavik\P1010062_Flateyarbok_ low res.JPG Flateyjarbók Þórsmörk above the farm sites Surviving trees Abandoned farm sites Impacts upon essentially pristine landscapes Surviving woodland Erosion A backdrop of climate change (Medieval Warm Period → Little Ice Age) Image:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png Jones et al (1998) The Holocene [with updates] Calendar yr AD ‘Romance’ Vikings, The North Atlantic Saga C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Greenland\Sea Road Elphinstone cover.jpg The Saga of Erik the Viking (Puffin Books) Vikings_moviep A backdrop of climate change (Medieval Warm Period → Little Ice Age) Image:2000 Year Temperature Comparison.png Jones et al (1998) The Holocene [with updates] Calendar yr AD ‘Romance’ Vikings, The North Atlantic Saga C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Greenland\Sea Road Elphinstone cover.jpg The Saga of Erik the Viking (Puffin Books) Vikings_moviep End game... C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Greenland\Krogh book cover.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Greenland\Jared Diamond_Collapse book cover_low res.jpg http://heritage-key.com/medialink/files/question%20collapse.png C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds Publicity\Poss Rhinds pics\P1030869_Hvalsey church low res.JPG http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51mfjy8te%2BL._SS500_.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Canada_Newfoundland 2011\P1040681 Unesco sign .JPG http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1781/ L’Anse aux Meadows becomes the first cultural site in the world to be inscribed upon UNESCO’s World Heritage List Health warning: A navigation Filters and contexts A personal perspective Repetition “Our subject is in danger of being atomized among the different disciplines involved......it is difficult for one person to cover the entire Viking Age.” Else Roesdahl (2011) P1010187_Else Roesdahl With thanks to co-researchers and sponsors: Paul Adderley: Stirling Símun Arge: Tórshavn Jette Arneborg: Copenhagen Philippa Ascough: East Kilbride Jill Barber: Aberdeen Joanna Bending: Sheffield Dorete Bloch: Tórshavn Jennifer Brown: Stirling Paul Buckland: Sheffield Phil Buckland: Umeå Doug Borthwick: Aberdeen Andrew Casely: Edinburgh Ole Humlum: Oslo Hanne Hvitfeldt Christiansen: Svalbard Mike Church: Durham Gordon Cook: East Kilbride Andrew Dugmore: Edinburgh Egill Erlendsson: Reykjavík Freddy Gathorne-Hardy: London Kirsty Golding Stirling Ole Guldager: Narsarsuaq Hans Christian Gulløv: Copenhagen Elaine Higney: East Kilbride Tim Horsley: Bradford Audrey Innes: Aberdeen Catherine Jessen: Copenhagen Jenny Johnston: Aberdeen Christian Keller: Oslo Anne-Christine Larsen: Trelleborg Ian Lawson: Leeds Kerry-Anne Mairs: Edinburgh Andy MacMullen: Inverness Tom McGovern: New York Anthony Newton: Edinburgh Georg Nyegaard: Nuuk Guðmundur Ólafsson: Reykjavík Eva Panagiotakopulu: Edinburgh Alison Sandison: Aberdeen Ed Schofield: Aberdeen Kirsten Seaver: Palo Alto Jacky Simoud: Narsarsuaq Ian Simpson: Stirling Peter Skidmore: Sheffield Karl-Aage Skovaa: Qaqortoq Steffen Stummann Hansen: Leirvík Guðrun Sveinbjarnardóttir: London Amanda Thomson: Stirling Orri Vésteinsson: Reykjavík Kim Vickers: Sheffield Jim Woollett: Quebec Leverhulme-Trust-300x168 The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland The Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland http://www.nerc.ac.uk/site/logos/graphics/nerc/nerclogo1000.gif http://varma.ece.cmu.edu/Auto-CPS-2011/logo-NSF.GIF http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Esrc_logo.png Sandur Footprints on the edge of Thule: landscapes of Norse-indigenous interaction bevellef3 Landscapes circum-Landnám: Viking settlement in the North Atlantic and its human and ecological consequences The Viking Age diaspora: why did the ‘Viking Age’ occur? (James Barrett 2008, 2010) Technological determinism Sea power/seamanship (could have happened earlier) Environmental determinism MWP – warm temperatures, minimal sea-ice; permissive rather than causal Demographic determinism Population increases piecemeal; militarization; bride-price? Economic determinism Raiding opportunities (monasteries), especially if Arabic silver shortages; slave-trading Political determinism Power through wealth and land acquisition Ideological determinism ‘Honour and fatalism’ Barrett (2008, 2010) goes for combined explanations: Bands of young men seeking bride-wealth Joined by powerful social superiors Imbued with a sense of fatalism A desire for wealth to fuel ambitions within and without Scandinavia The Viking Age diaspora: why did the ‘Viking Age’ occur? Writing Irish History http://www.writingirishhistory.eu/exhibition/annalsofulster.sht ml Annals of Ulster AD 794 – ‘Devastation of all the islands of Britain by heathens’ AD 795 - Scandinavian raiders attack the Columban monastery on Iona; ‘The burning of Rechru [ Rathlin or Lambay Island] by the pagans and Skye was plundered and robbed’ D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\viking raids map.jpg Haywood 1995 D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\viking scotland.jpg D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\atlas vikings.jpg http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/41173XVCKZL._SS500_.jpg http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/produ ct/images/9059830105/ref=dp_image_z_0?ie=UTF8&n=266239&s=books vikings! raids in the rhine / meuse region 800-1000, 2001 2004 kjeslide8 Norse (Vikings) in the North Atlantic ca. AD 800-1000 C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Crumlin-Pedersen book cover.jpg http://openarchaeology.info/files/styles/large/public/rip-ocp---copyright-werner-karrasch-ready -web.jpg Ole Crumlin-Pedersen 1935-2011 D:\My Documents\My Pictures\romantic viking boat.jpg MC900439584[1] Skuldelev 1 D:\My Documents\My Pictures\Skudelev 1 high res.jpg D:\My Documents\My Pictures\narr photo.jpg D:\My Documents\My Pictures\narr drawing.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Google Earth N Atlantic.jpg Landnámabók Stad Horn 7 days 4 days Hvarf Snæfelsness Reykjanes 3 days Slyne Head C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Norway-Greenland ocean travel.jpg Hernar Harf Shetland Faroe Islands Iceland Sail west and then north of Shetland so that it can be seen if visibility is good; Landnámabók but south of the Faroes so that sea appears half-way up their mountain slopes; but so far south of Iceland that one is only aware of birds and whales from it. C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\My Pictures\N Atlantic google earth 3.jpg Faroe Islands Picture1 cropped P1010261 clouds on N Isles of Faroes_low res Litla Dimun + Stora Dimun 1_lower res © Anfinn Frederiksen Saksun_view IMG_2321 On Vagur_low res “the land they can till is only a frill or a flounce of green below the knees of their cloud-capped mountains” (Eric Linklater 1948). Sumba2a ‘the Faeroes, that small and stormy archipelago…a people who, by their indomitable spirit, have made a fair haven on the windy edge of nothing’ (Eric Linklater 1948). Eric Linklater Dahl 1971, Med. Arch. ‘These artefacts, and the fact that the hall has the ancient characteristic of curved walls, point to the Viking Age. I dare not go any further than that at the moment, but hopefully the day will soon come when the Faroese soil will yield up its first definite Viking Age objects’ Varðin (1951) Sverri Dahl (1910-1987) Sverri Dahl Kvivik 1_low res Barn Longhouse Byre Kvivik 5_low res Kvivik 1_low res Barn Longhouse Byre House Sandoy postcard 2 Sandur Sandur_excavations_church Sandur excavations Sandur_cliff_midden bone © S.V. Arge Á Sondum, longhouse Toftanes3 Toftanes Eidi reservoir Argisbrekka site 2003 Argisbrekka C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Faroes\Argisbrek ka.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Faroes\Argisbrekka_Mahler cover.jpg OxCal plot (2 σ) of earliest dates Median probabilities cal. AD 824-834 Argisbrekka Toftanes UJA, Sandur Á Sondum, longhouse 14C calibration curve for the period cal AD500-1100 cal. AD 790-880 johansen2 Jóhannes Jóhansen (1937-1996) Plantago cover page Jóhansen (1987) Froðskaparrit Hansom_Briggs cover page Hansom & Briggs (1990) St. Brendan bre_manu Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis 2 200781a1 ‘Island of Sheep’ ‘Paradise of birds’ As to whether the Navigatio [7th-8th century] ‘provides evidence that monastic navigators reached the Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, and America?’, David Dumville (2002, 126) concluded with an emphatic He preferred to see it as a celebration of monastic life and not a historical narrative, although the geographical allusions were barely addressed ‘Perhaps taking a leaf from the theoretical book of one of my Cambridge colleagues, I must make this an exercise in the archaeology of mind.’ (ibid. 121) David_Dumville ‘No, no, no, and no!’ Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis 6023685-L C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Faroes\Brendan Voyage_Tim Severin cover.jpg There is another set of small islands….In these for nearly a hundred years hermits sailing from our country, Ireland, have lived …. now because of the Northman pirates they are emptied of anchorites, and filled with countless sheep…. and seabirds. Dicuil: De mensura orbis terrae, c. AD 825 [Trans. J.J. Tierney, 1967] bk cov Arni 2005 Arne-Thorsteinsson MykinesKorkardalur 2 Mykines (cf. Gaelic muc(c)inis, hog or pig island) Korkadalur (cf. Gaelic corc+dalur, oats valley) Matras (1981) Fróðskaparrit viking n atl map 0 200 km papar names After Crawford 2002, MacDonald 2002 + additions Papurshalsur Paparøkur faroes ancient celtic fields ‘Ancient fields’ Celtic fields Irish fields Frisian fields Sverri Dahl Sverri Dahl (1910-1987) Akraberg_cliff_aerial2 Akraberg_Celtic_fields_view3 Akraberg green4 Mykines Saksun_hayfield Saksun_terrace_remnant IMG_2221 Mykines68 faroes ancient celtic fields ‘Ancient fields’ johansen2 Jóhannes Jóhansen (1937-1996) ‘Pre-Norse’ cereal- type pollen Cereal pollen Cornflower pollen + charcoal Microfossils cereal cornflower Tjørnuvík Lambi Tjornavik view 03 Tjørnuvík Pagan graves Pollen site Tjornuvik_Johansen cover page Jóhansen (1971) Froðskaparrit Tjornuvik_Johansen pollen diag 14C 1970 AD 800 Landnám = Old Norse ‘land taking’ – the first settlement cereal Mykines cover page Danmarks geologiske Undersøgelse, Årbog 1978 Lambi pollen diag ‘landnám’ Plantago maritima IMG_2294 Lambi IMG_2278 C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Faroes\Faroes pics\puffins 2.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Faroes\Faroes pics\puffins.jpg Tjørnuvík, Faroes (Hannon & Bradshaw 2000) 871±2 cal AD Cereal-type kjeslide19 alt h4 shard Tjørnuvík Hov Lambi DSCF0001 Hov, Suðuroy Hov_site Hov infield hov_72x Hov calAD 760 dscn9599 Optimization: Low magnification Contiguous samples Scan large numbers hov_72 Hov cal AD 760 cal AD 560 14C calibration curve for the period cal AD 500-1100 c. 790-880 cal AD 560 cal AD 760 cal AD Fig 1st cereal consistent cereal Hov Barrett cover Stummann Hansen chapter 2 reliable early cereal-type pollen sites? Tjørnuvík Eiði Hov Lambi Frodba á Teigalendi á Teigalendi Selected taxa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Faroes030417-nasa%282%29.jpg Akraberg_Celtic_fields_view3 Akraberg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\PowerPoint bits\Faroes air photos 2004\Akraberg99 -2.jpg festschrift\tilia files_Dorete_Faroes cereals\AKRANUM3.emf Sumba_view Sumba Sumba_possCeltic © S.V. Arge Sandur/Junkarinsfløttur á Sondum Sondum_Sandoy_ancient fields 2 á Sondum Ruddstaðir = cleared places AD 1412 Thorsteinsson (1979) Mondul SONDUM06 DP128 M Church_low res á Sondum SONDUM06 DP279 M Church_low res SONDUM06 DP229_early dates came from the bottom of this section_M Church_low res Á Sondum Hordeum sp. (barley, hulled) cal AD 720-890 cal AD 600-770 cal AD 350-540 cal AD 780-970 x2 x2 x1 x3 No. of 14C-dated grains Church et al. submitted. Longhouse central hearth Longhouse midden Upper peat ash patch in sand v cal AD 350-540 Lower peat ash patch in sand v Papar? Scandinavians? David_Dumville We may think that the evidence… from the work of Dicuil the Geographer…is reasonably compelling in relation to the Faeroes and Iceland…. and one day Archaeology might deliver positive results for any or all of these places’ (Dumville 2002, 128) johansen2 Sverri Dahl Arguably it has….. P1040265_Leirvik_low res Thank you…..