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Edwards Rhind lecture 3
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  1. Introduction
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C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\My Pictures\N Atlantic google earth 3.jpg Faroe Islands Picture1 cropped Iceland G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\Other shots\REUTERS NERC Satellite Receiving Station, Dundee University, Scotland April 17_low res.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\4518286648_d0eb3b3103.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\Egill's brother's volcano pics Sat 17 April 2010 2-3 pm\Egill's brother pic April 2010 2-3 PM 110.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\Other shots\e28_23059199.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\4476862865_92488b7895.jpg D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\lakilava 2.JPG G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010027 Lava field Husholmi_low res.JPG http://instaar.colorado.edu/meetings/cape2000/images/iceland1.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\article-1266200-0924D580000005DC-550_634x422.jpg instaar.colorado.edu D:\TEMP\pcblouse.jpg It is now thirty years since priests lived in that island [Thule] …at the summer solstice…evening…whatever task a man wishes to perform, even to picking the lice out of his shirt, he can manage it as in broad daylight. Dicuil ca. AD 825 [trans. Tierney 1967] Foula_cover 1938 Thule_Foula book The claim of Foula to be the Ultima Thule of the ancient world has been questioned…we venture to maintain that it is the only place that can make the claim. Jón Viðar Sigurðsson (2008, p. 571): “Until recently little attention has been paid to the settlement period (c. 870–930) [in Iceland], but recent archaeological excavations will undeniably throw a new light on this period.” I don’t think this observation is remotely sustainable. Morris Haraldur Sigurdsson DISCUSSIONS Norw. Arch. Rev., Vol, 24, No. 1, 1991 Results Based on Excavations of a Merovingian and Viking Farm Site at Herjólfdalur in the Westman Islands, Iceland MARGRÉT HERMANNS-AUÐARDÓTTIR Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. (2004). Radiocarbon D:\Iceland\papey2.jpg Papey D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\P1000998_Map model_Papey_Iceland east.JPG D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Eldjarn Papey map.JPG Eldjarn Papataettur Eldjarn_Papey_Irskuholar Eldjarn_Papey monograph cover low res Írskuhólar (= Irish knolls; sheep hut) Papatættur (= Papa-ruins); Medieval sheep-house or peat store Goðatættur II (byre, 10th century?) C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Godataettur 2.jpg Goðatættur Papeytephra1 Buckland et al. 1995 Landnám ash C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Godataettur I, Papey.jpg 1024px-Settlement_of_Iceland Pre-AD 860 Swedish, ca AD 860 Post AD 860 Ingólfr Arnarson ca AD 870 - Íslendingabók Landnámabók Goðatættur Papeytephra1 Buckland et al. 1995 Landnám ash C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Godataettur I, Papey.jpg 1024px-Settlement_of_Iceland Pre-AD 860 Swedish, ca AD 860 Post AD 860 Ingólfr Arnarson ca AD 870 - Íslendingabók Landnámabók "There was a man of the North [Norway], Ingólfr, who is truly said to be the first to leave he settled south in Reykjavík" - Íslendingabók P1010248_Ingolfur Arnarson napkin low res 1067–1148) ĺslendingabók “At that time Iceland was covered with woods between the mountains and the seashore” Dugmore & Vésteinsson (2012) 1362 1362 Öræfi ("wilderness") Obliterated Deserted Litlahérað (“small region”) G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Eyjafjallajokull eruption April 2010\Other shots\2.jpg ‘There is not a single unequivocal reference to a volcanic eruption in the entire corpus of Icelandic Family Sagas’ Dugmore & Vésteinsson (2012), after Falk (2007) C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Steffen_Pompeii_book cover picture.jpg Þjórsádalur C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Daniel Bruun_Pompeii book_low res.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Thorsardalur sites_Pompeii book.jpg © Steffen Stumman Hansen Daniel Bruun © National Museum of Denmark C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Steffen_Pompeii_book cover.jpg “Step by step the horses are working their way in the loose ashes along the side of the valley. Now and then we pass sites where single stones stick up from the ground to indicate that a farm stood here in ancient times....... we pass Fagriskógr, where the “fair woods” have long since gone.....Here lie the ruins of a farm near a hot spring. We are visiting the Pompeii of Iceland. We are terrified when thinking of the horrors that took place here in the valley: totally destroying the prosperity and fertility which until then had formed the basis for the existence of 14-16 farms. Now all this has vanished; the grass will never grow again, and man is forever banned from the valley where generation after generation lived with their sorrows and joys” G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg Gudmund Hatt Gustav Holm Aage Roussell Johannes Iversen Mårten Stenburger Poul Nørlund Niels Nørlund © National Museum of Denmark G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg "We will each take a farmstead…. involve half the population of Iceland and then excavate the Þjórsár Valley. I think you can call that a real idea.” G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Kristjan Eldjarn from Pompeii book 3.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Kristjan Eldjarn from Pompeii book.jpg Kristján Eldjárn (1916-1982)) G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Sigurdur Thorarinsson.jpg Sigurður Þórarinsson (1912-1983) © Museiverket/Jouko Voionmaa G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\group Hatt etc from Pompeii book.jpg s4010729 G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Matthias Thordarson.jpg Matthías Þjórðarson Aage Roussell Mårten Stenburger http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ahnenerbe.svg/200px-Ahnenerbe.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinri ch_Himmler.jpg/410px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S72707%2C_Heinrich_Himmler.jpg Heinrich Himmler Ahnenerbe Himmler Politiken 23 February 1939 Himmler is searching for Ancestors In Iceland. Can the Third Reich be traced back to Iceland's Vikings? …..all race scholars and members of the expedition must belong to the SS….researchers who are not yet members of the SS have been enrolled under the Himmler-banner with the two Victory-runes. Ahnenerbe member Wolfran Sievers: “German science had been spat upon and mocked by this propaganda, preventing them from doing their work” C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\General\Nazi poster_denmark-anti-bolshevism.jpg C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Thorsardalur sites_Pompeii book.jpg Skallakot Snjáleifartóttir Storholtslið Ásláktunga fremri Skeljastaðir Stöng Lundur Ísleifsstaðir Roussell Ballachulish 1931 from pompeii book Cartoon of Roussell from Pompeii book A Danish museum Inspector has found Viking traces in the North Atlantic Roussell and Norlund from Pompeii book 2 ‘Dear Dr Nørlund, I think it is time for a small report from here....I went on ahead and got the most promising looking [site]’ ’Stenberger’s find is confined to a horeshoe nail’ ’þòrðarson is without any interest at all in the excavations ...he knows it all in advance as he can read it in the sagas’ ’Voionmaa is...without any knowledge of the archaeology of buildings; his planning is a nightmare – he is a Stone Age archaeologist’ ’I am very happy with the small Eldjárn’ Stenberger fr Pompeii book Matthias Thordarson Kristjan Eldjarn from Pompeii book k7 ’Voionmaa Place_612_1___Selected P1040214_Stenberger signaturelow res Vilhjalmur Finsen Vilhjálmur Finsen Stöng Forntida book cover 3 Ancient houses in Iceland Forntida book cover 3 Stenberger wanted publication in English - not acceptable to the others Huge problems extracting contributions Stenberger wanted publication on 9th April 1943 3rd anniversary of the German occupation of Denmark and Norway – appeared 20th May Well received in Scandinavia, but not promoted in Iceland – books returned (þòrðarson unsympathetic – saga issue? ) G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Matthias Thordarson.jpg Matthías Þjórðarson Forntida book cover 3 Kristján Eldjárn (1974): “…these investigations were the biggest step ever taken in Icelandic archaeology and the publication remains a masterpiece in its field” [obituary for Aage Roussell and Mårten Stenburger] G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Congress dinner 1937 from Meeting book.jpg “a small Scandinavian congress of archaeologists….were digging instead of eating dinners” (Roussell 1943). Roussell C:\Documents and Settings\geo418\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\Thorsardalur sites_Pompeii book.jpg Skallakot The results of the identification of tephra layers at Skallakot are quite astounding … [structures] close to the long house were built after 1104…. Clearly the site continued to be used after the abandonment of the long house http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=arctant h cover 2007 872 1100 1300 No sudden collapse, continued human activity following the AD 1104 eruption up to AD 1300. proposed that measures were taken in the 14th century to conserve woodland, resulting in localized landscape stabilization that continued throughout the following Little Ice Age. Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. 2004. Radiocarbon Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. 2004. Radiocarbon Landám ash layer 14C dates Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. 2004. Radiocarbon Paired wood and grain samples from site AST-01, Reykjavìk Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. 2004. Radiocarbon Landám ash layer 14C dates Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. 2004. Radiocarbon Paired wood and grain samples from site AST-01, Reykjavìk iceland-region-map 1 10 18 16 6 12 10 5 17 19 3 2 7 4 1 1 5 0 0 Data taken from Friðriksson (1982) and Sigurðsson (1988) Number of supposed Gaelic names in Landnámabók D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\3. Iceland\North Lewis & Akranes_darkened image.jpg Data based on Oftedal (1954) Norsk tidskrift for sprogvidenskap; Haraldsson & Hansen (2011) Saga Akraness I. Frá landnámstíð til 1700 Stornoway Papýli Reykjavík D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\3. Iceland\North Lewis & Akranes_darkened image.jpg Data based on Oftedal (1954) Norsk tidskrift for sprogvidenskap; Haraldsson & Hansen (2011) Saga Akraness I. Frá landnámstíð til 1700 Laxá Akranes Leiruvogur Kross 5005730125_18f21fe5cd_z Kjalarnes: flickr.com 5005730125_18f21fe5cd_z Landnámabók: 2% names Gaelic (Craigie 1897) 31-41% of first inhabitants were Gaelic (Steffensen 1971) Estimated to be 20,000 landnám settlers , but Landnámabók mentions only ~1000 (Hannesson 1925); slaves in the family tree were not boasted of! 30-40% of the population would have been slaves – especially during the initial settlement period (Agnarsdóttir and Ragnar Árnason 1983) 5005730125_18f21fe5cd_z Skull shapes of Icelanders show closer similarities to Britons and Irish than to Norwegians (Steffensen 1946; A.C. Berry 1974) Blood groups of modern Icelandic populations closer to British and Irish than to Norwegians (O group most common; A group least common – reverse of Norway) (Donegani et al. 1950) Studies on blood show the calculated proportion of Norwegian genes to be below 25% (Bjarnason et al. 1973) [Annals of Ulster AD 871: “Amlaíb and Ímar returned to Áth Cliath from Alba with two hundred ships, bringing away with them in captivity to Ireland a great prey of Angles and Britons and Picts”] Genetic footprints cf. Helgason et al. 2001; Jorgensen et al. 2004 Core settlements and planned development Vésteinsson et al. (2006) D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\core-planned stmts.jpg D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\core-planned stmts.jpg D:\My Documents\Rhinds\Rhinds - lectures\Scans\Iceland\core-planned stmts.jpg Core settlements and planned development Vésteinsson et al. (2006) icealand satellite Shallow coastal areas attractive: hunting - walrus hunting; fish; great auk farming - livestock (island captives); arable? security - defence icealand satellite Aðalstræti Húshólmi Aðalstræti 14-18, Reykjavík IMG_0010_low res Roberts et al. (2004) Mound.jpg IMG_0013 landnam tephra over wall in Reykjavik Landnám tephra AD 871±2 Chepstow-Lusty (2004) Mound.jpg IMG_0013 landnam tephra over wall in Reykjavik Landnám tephra AD 871±2 Chepstow-Lusty (2004) Turf and reworked bioturbated soil Mixed soil and herbivore dung Herbivore dung, bone, some trampling Turf Herbivore dung, plant matter, trampling Gravel and sand beach deposit Milek (2004) Picture1 Milek (2004) G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010056 Husholmi sign_low res.JPG G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010028 low res.JPG Ögmundarhraun lava flow – AD 1151 AD (25 km long fissure eruption) k4_Husholmi G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010049 Two buildings side by side and sea low res.JPG G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010041 post hole 2m deep_low res.JPG G:\Work computer 22 Sept 2011\PowerPoint bits\Iceland_Viking congress August 2009\4. Húshólmi\P1010053 church mound_low res.JPG 2 m P1010029 field bank - pre-dates Landnam ash - goes under lava_low res Húshólmi Pre- 871 871 1151 Stóra-Mörk icealand satellite Barley-type Stóra-Mörk Stóra-Mörk icealand satellite Barley-type Stóra-Mörk Aðalstræti Vatnsmýri Þrándarholt Hrísbrú Ketilsstaðir Cereal-type pollen pre-dates landnám tephra Cereal-type pollen contemporaneous with landnám tephra Erlendsson et al. (in press) Barley Charcoal Shrubs ++ ++ ++ Dung spores icealand satellite Surtshellir Vígishellir fortified ‘outlaw cave’, Surtshellir P1010164_low res P1010133_low res P1010136_low res MC900439805[1] 3.5 km P1010134 guard wall - roof collapsed later_low res P1010138_guard wall_low res P1010144_ house walls_low res P1010143_fireplace_low res P1010142_midden 2 3.7 m 100% domestic 62.8% sheep/goat 26.1% cattle 7.3% pig 3.8% horse Gardur_cattle in lavafield pasture_lower res k6v2 Charcoal Bos Lava cooling Ólafsson et al. (2010) Vésteinsson et al. (2002) k3_low res icealand satellite Permanent farms Pagan burial Vésteinsson et al. (2002) k3_low res icealand satellite Permanent farms Pagan burial Church or chapel Later permanent farm? Planned farm? chieftans-godor after Byock After Byock (1988, 2001) Eyjafjordur ca 1190 Goði-thingmen relationships from The Saga of Gudmund the Worthy icealand satellite chieftans-godor after Byock After Byock (1988, 2001) Eyjafjordur ca 1190 Goði-thingmen relationships from The Saga of Gudmund the Worthy icealand satellite Fig 3 earthworks Fig 4 earthworks Fig 5 earthworks icealand satellite Einarsson et al. (2002) Archaeologica Islandica 150 km of medieval earthworks Up to an additional 100 km lost to soil erosion/solifluction “The most extensive archaeological feature known in Iceland” Arni_Fig6_low res in Paint © Árni Einarsson 6b © Árni Einarsson 6b © Árni Einarsson © Árni Einarsson Arni_Fig2 A medieval turf wall-low res © Árni Einarsson icealand satellite Boundaries between adjacent farms and the fencing-off of homefields from the commons Constructed ca AD 900-1200 Grágás – for 3 months a year, earthwork construction was to be given priority over most other work ‘Outdated’ by AD 1300 Einarsson et al. (2002) Archaeol. Islandica; Einarsson & Aldred (2011) 2004_2_10304609_f1030014 Arni_Fig13 Deserted medieaval farm site with triple enclosures - expanding orr conracting homefields - by the River Reykjakvísl © Árni Einarsson Triple enclosures - expanding or contracting homefields? © Árni Einarsson Arni_Fig10_Brettingsstaðir, ancient farm site with a church or chapel (inside the larger circle) and a small circle with unknown function Brettingsstaðir © Árni Einarsson Arni_fig12A Fremri Fjöll, a major farm site in Kelduhver_low res Fremri Fjöll Tracks_to_ancient_settlement_low res © Árni Einarsson © Árni Einarsson Arni_Fig11_Assembly site at Skuldaþingsey where 26 the 30 booths can be seen_low res Assembly site at Skuldaþingsey Icelandwater[1] Thank you.....