Definition: The adverbial participle is grammatically subordinated to its controlling verb (usually the main verb of the clause). Like an ordinary adverb, the participle modifies the verb, answering the question, When?, How?, Why?, etc. Specific Nuances of the temporal, manner, means, cause, condition, concession, purpose, or result. Identification of the adverbial participle: - See chart Adverbal Participles Does the participle have an article? Identification and Use Flow Chart Yes Is the Imp. eivmi + Pres. Ptc. = I was loosing Fut. eivmi + Pres. Ptc. = I will be loosing Pres. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I have loosed Imp. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I had loosed Fut. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I will have loosed No Yes Genitive Absolute Almost always temporal: “While I loose, he sees” Adverbial Uses 1. Temporal: While (or after) loosing, he sees … 2. Manner: Loosing, he sees … 3. Means: By loosing, he sees … 4. Cause: Because he is loosing, he sees … 5. Condition: If he looses, (then) he sees … 6. Concession: Although he looses, he sees … 7. Purpose (telic): For the purpose of loosing, he sees … (or): He sees in order to loose 8. Result: With the result that he loosed and he saw … Time of the Participle Participle Tense Main verb tense Adverbial Adjectival Present (contemporaneous) Present “loosing” “who is loosing” Present (contemporaneous) Aorist “loosing” “who was loosing” Aorist (antecedent) Present “having loosed” “who loosed” Aorist (contemporaneous or antecedent) Aorist “loosing” or “having loosed” “who was loosing” or “who had loosed” Perfect (antecedent) Present “having loosed” “who has loosed” Perfect (antecedent) Aorist “having loosed” “who had loosed” view: antecedent, contemporaneous, and subsequent. antecedent - action of the participle occurs before the action of the main verb. It should be translated after doing, after he did, etc. contemporaneous – action of the participle occurs at the same time as the main verb. It should normally be translated while doing. subsequent – action of the participle occurs after the action of the main verb. It should be translated before doing, before he does, etc. 1) Temporal Amplification: Aorist Participle – The aorist participle is normally antecedent in time to the action of the main verb (the action of the participle occurs before the action of the main verb). But when the aorist participle is related to an aorist main verb, the participle will often be contemporaneous to the action of the main verb. Present Participle – The present participle is normally contemporaneous in time to the action of the main verb (the actions occur at the same time). 1) Temporal Amplification: Future Participle – The future participle is always subsequent in time (occurs after) to the action of the main verb. Perfect Participle – The perfect participle is almost always antecedent with reference to the main verb (the action of the participle occurs before the action of the main verb). Does the participle have an article? Identification and Use Flow Chart Yes Is the participle in agreement with a nearby noun? Is it used with eivmi? No No Yes Substantival “The one who looses” Adjectival Noun “who looses” No Yes Is it used in the genitive case? Periphrastic Pres. eivmi + Pres. Ptc. = I am loosing Imp. eivmi + Pres. Ptc. = I was loosing Fut. eivmi + Pres. Ptc. = I will be loosing Pres. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I have loosed Imp. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I had loosed Fut. eivmi + Perf. Ptc. = I will have loosed No Yes Genitive Absolute Almost always loosing, he sees … 2. Manner: Loosing, he sees … 3. Means: By loosing, he sees … 4. Cause: Because he is loosing, he sees … 5. Condition: If he looses, (then) he sees … 6. Concession: Although he looses, he sees … 7. Purpose (telic): For the purpose of loosing, he sees … (or): He sees in order to loose 8. Result: With the result that he looses, he sees … He sees so that he looses 9. Attendant Circumstance: He loosed and he saw … Time of the Participle Participle Tense Main verb tense Adverbial Adjectival Present (contemporaneous) Present “loosing” “who is loosing” Present (contemporaneous) Aorist “loosing” “who was loosing” Aorist (antecedent) Aorist “loosing” or “having loosed” “who was loosing” or “who had loosed” Perfect “having loosed” “who had loosed” 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Matt. 4:2 kai. nhsteu,saj ))) u[steron evpei,nasenÅ and fasting … afterwards he hungered. And while fasting … he then hungered. and after he fasted… he then hungered. AAPMSN AAI3S 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Mark 2:14 Kai. para,gwn ei=den Leui.n avdelfo.n to.n tou/ ~Alfai,ou and passing by he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus and while passing by he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus AAI3S PAPMSN avdelfo.n to.n tou/ ~Alfai,ou and passing by he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus and while passing by he saw Levi the son of Alphaeus AAI3S PAPMSN 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Mark 9:15 pa/j o` o;cloj ivdo,ntej him, they were amazed AAPMPN API3P 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Eph. 1:15-16 avkou,saj th.n kaqV u`ma/j pi,stin ))) ouv pau,omai euvcaristw/n Hearing the faith according to you … I myself have not ceased giving thanks After hearing of your faith… I myself have not ceased giving thanks AAPMSN PMI1S kaq v u`ma/j kata, can be used as a “possessive pronoun with limiting force” (BDAG) = “your” 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Phil. 1:3-4 Euvcaristw/ ... th.n de,hsin poiou,menoj I give thanks … making prayer I give thanks … when making prayer PMPMSN PAI1S or, “when praying” 1) Examples of Adverbial Temporal Participles Rev. 19:20 zw/ntej evblh,qhsan oi` du,o eivj th.n li,mnhn tou/ puro.j living the two were thrown into the lake of fire while living the two were thrown into the lake of fire PAPMPN API3P or, “while still alive” 2) Manner Definition: The participle indicates the manner in which the action of the attitude) that accompanies the main verb. 2) Manner Amplification: Merely refers to the emotion or attitude that accompanies the main verb 2) Examples of Adverbial Manner Participles Matt. 19:22 avph/lqen lupou,menoj he went 2) Examples of Adverbial Manner Participles Luke 8:47 tre,mousa h=lqen trembling she came she came (with the emotion/attitude of) trembling PAPFSN AAI3S 2) Examples of Adverbial Manner Participles Acts 2:13 e[teroi de. diacleua,zontej PMPMPN IAI3P 2) Examples of Adverbial Manner Participles Acts 5:41 evporeu,onto cai,rontej they 3) Means Definition: This participle indicates the means by which the action of a finite verb is accomplished. This means may be physical or mental. Key to Identification: Supply by or by means of before the participle in translation 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles Matt. 27:4 h[marton paradou.j ai-ma avqw/|on I sinned betraying innocent blood I sinned by betraying innocent blood AAPMSN AAI1S 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles Acts 9:22 Sau/loj ))) sune,cunnen tou.j VIoudai,ouj ))) sumbiba,zwn o[ti ou-to,j evstin o` cristo,jÅ Saul … was confounding the Jews … proving that He is the Christ. Saul … was confounding the Jews … by proving that He was the Christ. PAPMSN IAI3S In context, the “He” refers to Jesus 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles 1 Cor. 4:12 kopiw/men evrgazo,menoi tai/j ivdi,aij cersi,n we labor working with our own hands we labor by working with our own 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles Eph. 1:20 }Hn evnh,rghsen ... evgei,raj auvto.n evk nekrw/n which he worked … raising him from dead which he worked … by raising him from the dead AAI3S AAPMSN 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles Eph. 2:14-15 o` poih,saj ta. avmfo,tera e]n ... to.n no,mon ... katargh,saj the one who made both (groups) one … abolishing … the law the one 3) Examples of Adverbial Means Participles Phil. 2:7 e`auto.n evke,nwsen morfh.n dou,lou labw,n he emptied himself taking a form of a slave he emptied himself by taking on the form of a slave AAI3S AAPMSN 4) Cause Definition: The causal participle indicates the cause or reason or ground of the action of the finite verb. This participle answers the question, Why? Key to 4) Examples of Adverbial Causal Participles Matt. 1:19 VIwsh.f ... di,kaioj w'n Joseph being a righteous man Joseph because he was a righteous man P-PMSN being a righteous man Joseph because he was a righteous man P-PMSN 4) Examples of Adverbial Causal Participles John 4:6 o` ou=n VIhsou/j kekopiakw.j ))) evkaqe,zeto Jesus wearying … he sat because Jesus was wearied … he sat PfAPMSN 4) Examples of Adverbial Causal Participles John 11:38 VIhsou/j ou=n pa,lin evmbrimw,menoj ))) e;rcetai eivj to. mnhmei/on Then Jesus, again deeply moved ... he came to the tomb Then Jesus, because he was deeply moved … he came to the tomb. PfAPMSN IDI3S 4) Examples of Adverbial Causal Participles Acts 16:34 hvgallia,sato panoikei. pepisteukw.j tw/| qew/|Å he himself rejoiced with his household having believed in PfAPMSN 5) Conditional Definition: This participle implies a condition which depends on the fulfillment of the idea indicated by the main verb. Key to Identification: Its force can be introduced by if in translation. 5) Examples of Adverbial Conditional Participles Luke 9:25 ti, ga.r wvfelei/tai benefit a person gaining the whole world but losing himself? For what does it benefit a person if he gains the whole world but if he loses himself? AAPMSN AAPMSN PPI3S 5) Examples of Adverbial Conditional Participles Gal. 6:9 qeri,somen mh. FAI1P 6) Concession Definition: The concessive participle implies that the state or Identification: Its force is usually best translated with even or although. 6) Examples of Adverbial Concession Participles Mark 8:18 ovfqalmou.j e;contej ouv not hear? PAPMPN PAPMPN PAI2P PAI2P ble,pete kai. w=ta e;contej ouvk avkou,ete; having eyes do you not see and having ears do you not hear? Although you have eyes, do you not see? And although you have ears, do you not hear? PAPMPN PAPMPN PAI2P PAI2P 6) Examples of Adverbial Concession Participles Romans 1:21 gno,ntej to.n qeo.n ouvc w`j qeo.n evdo,xasan knowing God, they did not honor (him) as God although they knew God, they did not honor (him) as God AAPMPN AAI3P 6) Examples of Adverbial Concession Participles Eph. 2:5 kai. o;ntaj h`ma/j nekrou.j toi/j paraptw,masin sunezwopoi,hsen tw/| Cristw/|( and you being dead in trespasses, he made (you) alive together with Christ and even though you were dead in trespasses, he made you alive together with Christ P-PMPA AAI3S 7) Purpose (Telic) Definition: The participle of purpose indicates the purpose of should) be translated like an English infinitive. 7) Examples of Adverbial Purpose (Telic) Participles Matt. 27:49 eiv e;rcetai VHli,aj sw,swn auvto,n if Elijah comes saving him if Elijah comes (with the purpose of) saving him if Elijah comes to save him FAPMSN PDI3S 7) Examples of Adverbial Purpose (Telic) Participles Luke 10:25 nomiko,j tij avne,sth evkpeira,zwn auvto.n le,gwn … a certain lawyer stood up testing him, saying a certain lawyer stood up (in order) to test him, saying PAPMSN AAI3S 7) Examples of Adverbial Purpose (Telic) Participles John 12:33 tou/to de. e;legen shmai,nwn poi,w| qana,tw| h;mellen avpoqnh,|skein Now he was saying this signifying by kind of death he was about to die PAPMSN IAI3S IAI3S PAInf shmai,nwn poi,w| qana,tw| h;mellen avpoqnh,|skein Now he was saying this signifying by what kind of death he was about to die. Now he was saying this (in order) to signify by what kind of death he was about to die PAPMSN IAI3S IAI3S PAInf 8) Result Definition: The participle of result is used to indicate the actual outcome or result of the action of the main verb. Key to Identification: The student should insert the 8) Examples of Adverbial Result Participles Mark 9:7 evge,neto nefe,lh covered them PAPFSN ADI3S 8) Examples of Adverbial Result Participles Luke 4:15 auvto.j evdi,dasken evn tai/j sunagwgai/j auvtw/n doxazo,menoj u`po. pa,ntwn He taught in their synagogues being glorified by all He taught in their synagogues, [with the result that he was] 8) Examples of Adverbial Result Participles Eph. 2:15 i[na tou.j du,o kti,sh| evn auvtw/| eivj e[na kaino.n a;nqrwpon poiw/n eivrh,nhn in order that he might create in himself the two into one new man making peace in order that he might create in himself the two into one new man, [with the result of] making peace or, resulting in peace PAPMSN AAS3S 9) Attendant Circumstance Definition: An attendant circumstance participle is used to communicate an action that, in some sense, is coordinate with the finite verb. In this respect it is not dependent, for it is translated like a verb. Yet it is still dependent semantically, because it cannot exist without the main verb. It is translated as a finite verb connected to the main verb by and. The participle then, in effect, “piggy-backs” on the mood of the main verb. 9) Examples of an Attendant Circumstance Participle Matt. 9:13 poreuqe,ntej de. ma,qete ti, evstin ... Now going, learn what this means … Now go and learn what this means … APPMPN AAImp2P ti, evstin ... Now going, learn what this means … Now go and learn what this means … APPMPN AAImp2P 9) Examples of an Attendant Circumstance Participle Luke 5:14 avpelqw.n dei/xon seauto.n tw/| i`erei/ Going show yourself to the priest Go and show yourself to the priest AAPMSN AAImp2S euvhggeli,sato eivrh,nhn u`mi/n And coming he preached peace to you … And he came and preached 10) Complementary Definition: The complementary participle completes the thought of another verb. Key to Identification: It is especially used in combination with a verb suggesting a consummative (e.g., “stop” [pau,w]) or sometimes a progressive (e.g., “continue” [evpime,nw]) idea 10) Example of a Adverbial Complementary Participle Matt. 11:1 o[te evte,lesen o` VIhsou/j diata,sswn When Jesus finished teaching PAPMSN AAI3S Note that “finished” is a consummative verb 10) Example of a Adverbial Complementary Participle Acts 5:42 ouvk evpau,onto dida,skontej kai. euvaggelizo,menoi to.n cristo,n VIhsou/nÅ They did not that “cease” is a consummative verb 11) As an Imperative (Imperatival) Definition: The participle may function just like an imperative. This use of the participle is not to be attached to any verb in the context, but is grammatically independent. Very rare. 11) Example of an Adverbial Imperatival Participle Rom. 12:9 avpostugou/ntej to. ponhro,n( kollw,menoi tw/| avgaqw/|( hating the evil, cleaving to the good hate the evil, cleave to the good PAPMPN PPPMPN 11) Example of an Adverbial Imperatival Participle 1 Peter 2:18 Oi` oivke,tai u`potasso,menoi ... toi/j despo,taij Slaves, submitting yourselves … to your masters Slaves, submit yourselves … to your masters PMPMPN Types of Adverbial Participles 1) Temporal – while loosing; after loosing 2) Manner – loosing … 8) Result – with the result that he looses … 9) Attendant Circumstance – he looses and … 10) Complementary – loosing … 11) Imperatival - loose Verbal Participles